Chapter 1 Introduction to Child Development Questions about the causes of variations in children s behavior Can we predict the direction and outcome of children s development Development the changes that we see in children over relatively long periods of time that have significant impact on their lives The Concept of Development Developmentalists researchers and practitioners who study the development process Development the gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related changes in biological and psychological systems through transactions with the environment Development is gradual cumulative relatively permanent transactional and takes place in an ecosystem In most cases developmental change is typically irreversible Regression serious reversal in development Brought on by illness injury deprivation abuse or trauma Ecology study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments 1 Microsystem children interact with family peers and services such as day care 2 Mesosystem relationships among microsystem I e Family and Day care center 3 Exosystem identifies social supports available to the family in the community 4 Macrosystem deals with the cultural context of development and how societal values reflected in social policies affect children Development at Risk Risk undermine development sacrifice potential Resilience tendency to overcome risk Vulnerability tendency to fall prey to risk Opportunity supports development and promotes the realization of that potential Facilitating Development Requires dedication and persistence Risks appear often without warning and are hidden Requires being conscientious as a parent to provide unique and meaningful opportunities Knowing that development is gradual implies we must take our time and be patient Knowing that its cumulative and irreversible suggests every experience is important Knowing that development is transactional suggests that developmental change does not result form doing something to a child or simply by sitting back and passively observing We can promote favorable developmental outcomes only by entering into transactions with our children encouraging change as we experience change in ourselves Chapter 3 Conception and Prenatal Development Conception to birth is about 266 days Conception 400 B C Hippocrates had the male and female semen theory 1600s homunculus theory that there is a mini man inside the sperm and the egg was an incubator 1843 Dr Martin Barre said sperm and egg unite to form a fetus Female Reproduction Menstrual Cycle series of hormonal secretions 1 Menstrual Period 4 5 days of bleeding At end of this period the pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates growth of several immature eggs 2 One egg normally ripens The ovary secretes progesterone to stimulate the endometrium lining of the uterus to prepare for fertilized egg to arrive 3 14 days after ovulation the egg breaks through ovary wall and this is called ovulation The egg travels to the uterus through the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs Egg lodges in uterus this is called Implantation If egg is unfertilized it and the excess endometrial tissue and blood are eliminated The cycle then repeats 4 Ovarian reserve remaining viable eggs This number decreases with age Menopause when the menstrual cycle stops Male Reproduction Sperm are produced in the testes 2 oval shaped glands about 2 inches long suspended in the scrotum Scrotum sac that contains testicles just outside of body cavity below the penis 1 ejaculation can give off 200 400 million sperm cells However only a tiny amount of these are able to travel the 4 5 inches from the cervix up through the fallopian tube The process takes about 30 minutes i e 1 million enter uterus 300 000 reach fallopian tube 1 sperm penetrates after eggs protective coating is gone Infertility 75 of women fail to get pregnant after 1 month of unprotected sex 37 after 6 months 20 after one year One out of six couples are infertile Infertile unable to conceive a child after 1 year of sexual relations with out contraception or unable to carry a fetus to term Infertile couples have a higher divorce rate than fertile couples Male infertility Causes 1 Overheating of testicles a Healthy sperm need temperature of slightly below normal body temperature to function in optimum range b Scrotum is responsible for cooling and heat for an extended period of time reduces sperm count temporarily This can be chronic if repeated i e Laptops hot baths 2 Accidental Injury c a b Injury to nerves and blood vessel can cause development of scar tissue blood blots and adhesions that negatively affect structures Injury can cause varicose veins This can cause pain for a male during intercourse and blood supply is lower This can be reversed surgically fortunately but needs to be caught early c Testicular cancer also can cause pain in testicles d At some point males have erection problems drinking prevents erection This can lead to mentally thinking they are in adequate We have drugs that can help with this Viagra A sex therapist can also help if there are foreplay issues erectile dysfunctions i e long distance biking pressure on prostate gland injury e 3 Chronic Alcohol and Marijuana a Marijuana semen volume reduced and sperm are overactivated and excited They swim too hard and fast and then they get tired before reaching fallopian tube b Alcohol prolonged use results in reduced sperm count Males fertility increases to age 26 then remains constant through age 36 then declines Premature Ejaculation ejaculating during foreplay can become chronic Positions during intercourse can help this Female Infertility Causes 1 Endometriosis build up of sloughed off endometrial cells from uterus Common cause Resulting endometrial tissue causes pain and interferes with normal body functions Incidence of this increases with age a Cells aren t sloughed off but are washed back and land in fallopian tube these cells can reproduce b The woman ovulates and 1 wk later endometrium is engorged in blood because of progesterone 2 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome a Ovary develops small cysts on its surface as a natural result of ovulation b Surface becomes overwhelmed with cysts and causes menstrual period irregularities which damages fertility c PCOS is delayed until adolescence but is always present this occurs in 10 of women There is a high rate of miscarriage and complications in pregnancy with these women a Prolonged use reduces
View Full Document
Unlocking...