Chapter 9 social competency and below will not be on the test Symbolic function the ability to use symbols to represent or stand for perceived objects and events This takes on several distinct forms Deferred imitation children observe the behavior of a model and imitate that behavior after a delay sometimes when the model is not present Example mimicking how the father eats after dinner is over Symbolic pretend play children pretend that the object is something other than what it really is Example pretending that a wooden block is a boat that is sailing the ocean Shifting context two and three year old children typically require support from the play to initiate or sustain their pretense Ex toddlers are more likely to pretend eat in a kitchen rather than a backyard Substituting objects children often substitute one object for another in their pretend play Ex using sticks and as utensils Substituting other agents for oneself children use agents in their pretense Ex Using dolls in pretend play manipulate them almost to a human like Sequencing and socialization of Pretend Episodes These acts increase in form as oneself complexity as the years go on Ex a child combing her hair at two years old may be grooming combing their hair washing and dressing when they re four years old Mental Images internal representations of external objects or events Example children can integrate events of the past into the present and plan for their future Centration focusing on minute and insignificant details Ex A child only notices the bright earrings their baby sitter has This usually becomes a child s pre concept of the world Children s first image are very primitive Other children who can generate image Pre concepts fleeting images cannot fully grasp the situation Example of pre concepts know that a lecture is going on Age 5 well into the pre operational stage Krantz Went to a zoo Top head of a giraffe baloney sandwich Preconcept can become reduced and resistant to change Krantz child on stage remembers only specific things such as a pink pen but doesn t Piaget says the illogical nature of Preconcept severely limit quality of preschoolers reasoning and problem solving Phobia intense internal anxiety Induction Derive general principles from particular examples Ex A teacher that favors girls might lead a boy to conclude that girls are teacher pets Deduction General principles to predict particular outcomes Ex the boy may deduce that when he enters the next grade his new teacher will also favor girls Irreversibility of transduction thought Children can begin to think their way through a sequence However the mind is not ready to reverse the steps Example tell a child to go down the hall make a left and a right Afterwards they cannot find their way back and start to cry Example children take apart a block but they re unable to replace it back to its original state Ego centrism The failure to put yourself in someone else s perspective Ex model volcano and a child and an adult Child is unable to tell what the adult can see from her side and only dictates what he sees Children have a hard time seeing from other points of view than from their own Irreversibility children have a hard time thinking backwards Ex if you ask a younger sibling if she has a sister she will say yes but if you ask if her sister has a sister she will say no Classification tendency to group objects on the basis of a particular set of characteristics Ex fruits and vegetables amount of things 1 1 correspondence representation Qualitative Reasoning The ability to estimate the amount of things and changes in the Young children have no such notion of this they respond to the physical Ex a child giving out treats in a classroom must only give a 1 1 to each child despite if they like the child more or less Limitation in children Conservation the notion that certain attributes of objects and events may remain unchanged despite transformations or changes in other attributes Failure to conservation This is a failure of preoperational reasoning Preschoolers have trouble with constancy things are the same but they look different same size Example color jars fills two jars with the same amount of liquid both are The took a taller thinner cylinder filled it with same amount child believes its more Child focuses on the height 1 1 correspondence Ex two rows of quarters one has 5 quarters spaced closely to one another the other also has 5 quarters but are more spread out The child will pick the more spread out row when asked which row has more quarters They are basing it off visual skills Appearance Reality during preschool years children can be fooled by their own eyes they cannot get past appearances the reality that exist behind the appearance Ex Krantz and his daughter puts on a mask and child screams regardless when he tries to soothe her with his voice She calms down after he takes it off Ex experiment where a man in a trench coat took children out of a candy shop and a park pretending he lost his dog Best way is to hold your child s hand in a mildly crowded place Metacognition How much you know and how to improve your knowledge or performance on some mental task Ex Story was given after the story was told children were given an opportunity to change an aspect of the story to improve it Information processing they use a modern day computer of the brain The computer have process to mimic a child s way of thinking They research how the child develop their abilities Short term memory short duration How much a child can input into short term memory Short term storage to long term storage What we are fascinated is how they get short term into long term Theory of mind used to explain and predict human behavior Ex child wishes to make friends it helps to be able to predict what they feel about Attribution take a guess on what going on in someone else s head Ex guy across the club looking at you you wonder if he s going to approach you or if them he has a girlfriend Mindreading cognitive process by which we attribute desires and beliefs to other individuals in order to explain and predict their behavior Children often confuse reality with dreams Deception ability to generate false belief in other individuals Children use deception to win a game of hide and seek Grammar the system of rules that structures how to combine words into meaningful sequences Grammatical morphemes ing ed and s modifying nouns verbs and adjectives Ex fix becomes fixing
View Full Document
Unlocking...