Child Growth Development 02 10 2014 1 Developmental change refers to the gradual accumulation and integration of relatively permanent age related change in biological and psychological systems through transactions of the environment Change in children o Ex 3 4 months the baby visually directed a grasp Supine on the back Prone on the stomach Creeping moving around the floor but stomach is still on the ground 2 Developmental change is typically irreversible that is under most circumstances developmental change does not go backwards Regression a child has achieved a certain developmental milestone like walking but the next day he is crawling not supposed to go backwards i Regressive behaviors may be brought on by illness injury deprivation abuse or severe trauma Regressive behavior is unlikely to self correct and may require specialized interventions For instance children who have suffered intellectual deficits early in life may be helped by special evidence based educational programs 3 Development Takes Place in an Ecosystem Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environments Microsystem children interact with family peers and services such as day cared and school The family system is typically the dominant force in the microsystem The mesosystem describes relationships among elements of the microsystem The relationship between the family and the day care center is an important example 4 Development at Risk The exosystem identifies social supports available to the family in the community For instance while some employers offer day care services and flextime to employees other employers show no concern for the family s ability to provide care for its children during working hours Macrosystem deals with the cultural context of development societal values reflected in social policies toward children Unfortunately public policy is most often formulated by politicians and bureaucrats far removed from the lives of children and families they allegedly represent Opportunity factors help progression enhances development Opportunity supports development and promotes the realization of that potential Risk factors something that can undermine your child s cognition Even the children around your child can be a risk factor and developmentally have a negative effect on the child undermine development Vulnerability factors inside the child there are bad things going on that threatens the child The tendency to fall pray to risk i Ex There is some genetic basis for shyness When it is that way that can create real problems when it comes to social development ii Ex ADHD Resilient factors things within us Personality physical makeup In times of stress we rise above it The tendency to overcome risk To rise above some people are more mentally and physically strong but some of us have a tendency that allows us to deal with stress better than others Conception and Prenatal Development 02 10 2014 1 Menstrual Cycle Once you ovulate you have 24 hours to get the sperm through the fallopian tubes to conceive The egg lasts 24 hors sperm cells last in your system 4 6 days a 2 phases in the menstrual cycle follicular phase 0 15 days and luteal phase 15 28 days The pituitary produces FSH follicle stimulating hormone that activates several eggs in the process of ripening one egg will become the dominant one The window for women you can have a baby is day 10 11 through day 14 15 Any day of your cycle you can potentially ovulate If you want to have a baby have sex within the 4 5 days of ovulation b Luteal phase Empty follicle becomes its own endocrine gland after it releases the eggcorpus luteum If we have implantation on day 21 2 Conception a prenatal stage of development the period that begins with conception and ends with the birth of the newborn infant b approximately 266 days or 38 weeks elapse from the date of fertilization to the birth of the baby This period of time is referred to as the prenatal stage of development c 24 week old babies can survive 1 pound d A healthy 9 month old baby weighs 7 8 lbs e Rapid development of child can be dangerous and have vulnerable effects in prenatal 3 Infertility Some people have trouble having a baby 15 of students in class will then be title infertile after one year of trying There is one factor that influences development more than anything mention thus far It comes before conception If you choose to have babies with someone who isn t ready for parenting that will have more negative effect on the long term outcome of your children This will create a enormous risk and almost impossible to overcome About 75 of women fail to become pregnant after one month of unprotected intercourse 37 after six months and 20 after one year Approximately one couple in six is infertile unable to conceive after one year of sexual relations without contraception or unable to carry the fetus to term a Endometriosis a buildup in the fallopian tubes of sloughed off endometrial cells from the uterus is a common cause of infertility in women b A second major cause of female infertility is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome An ovary develops small cysts on its surface as a natural result of ovulation c Prolonged use of alcohol by women results in reduction in Luteinizing Hormone LH and Follical Stimulating Hormone FSH with corresponding reductions in fertility Gude 2012 4 Prenatal Development a 1st Trimester 1st and 2nd week period of ovum or period of zygote o Blastocyst By the beginning of the second week the hollow fluid filled ball of cells o implantation Seven to nine days after fertilization the blastocyst embeds itself into the endometrial lining of the uterus o The placenta is an organ that sustains the baby by allowing oxygen and nutrients from the mother s blood to cross a semi permeable membrane to the baby and waste products from the baby to return to the mother The two blood supplies do not actually mix o the umbilical cord a tube containing two arteries and one vein which is pressurized to prevent tangling The placenta umbilical cord the amniotic sac and the embryo itself all derive from the original fertilized egg and contain only the DNA of the baby o The outermost layer called the ectoderm develops into into the brain the spinal cord the nerves and the skin o The intermediate layer the mesoderm forms the skeletal system muscles heart and kidneys o The innermost layer or endoderm becomes the digestive tract the respiratory system pancreas and liver The
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