CHD2220 Study Guide Exam 3 Ch 9 10 12 13 CH 9 Cognitive Intellectual Language Development preschool years Preoperational Stage 3 6 years brain begins to symbolically reason Even though an object may not be physically presented the child begins to be able to picture the object in their brain Piaget describes preschoolers as incapable of advanced forms of reasoning symbolic reasoning thinking using mental symbols symbols mental images that should accurately represent reality Children begin to use symbols at the end of the second year of life Operational logical systems of thought that emerge around 6 7 years Ex most children of this age understand that while all horses are animals all animals are not necessarily horses The symbolic function takes several distinct forms as the child moves into the third year of life deferred imitation mental images language and symbolic pretend play Deferred Imitation children observe the behavior of a model and imitate that behavior when the model is no longer present Ex after watching parents using eating utensils for several months a toddler makes his first spontaneous attempts to use a spoon Deferred imitation greatly expands children s repertoire for solving everyday problems Mental Images internal representations of external objects or events Symbolic Pretend play children pretend that an object is something other than what it really is Ex A child transforms a doll into a real person or pretends that a wooden block is a boat sailing the waters of the bathtub Symbolic play transforms situation into a world of make believe for preschool children which has great effects of their social emotional development Shifting Context performing routine behaviors outside of their typical setting Ex a toddler is more likely to pretend they are eating in a kitchen rather than a backyard but an older child has shifting context and can turn something like a car into a kitchen and dining room Substituting Objects children often substitute one object for another in their pretend play They become increasingly able to transform any object into the props needed for their pretend play episodes Ex child may turn small scrap pieces of paper into utensils and food for their play Substituting Agents for Oneself By the beginning of the third year children may use dolls as active agents pretending that dolls initiate and sustain their own behavior as in talking running or playing with other dolls When the doll becomes its own agent the child pulls the strings as the doll assumes a human like role Sequencing and Socialization of Pretend Episodes Although pretense begins with single acts children coordinate such acts into sequences of increasing length and complexity through the preschool years Ex a 2 year old s hair combing may expand into the 4 year old s sequenced grooming washing putting on makeup combing hair and dressing Thinking with Preconcepts Preconcept child takes snapshot pictures of the world disorganized illogical representations of the child s experiences Not a very good representation of what is actually happening Although preconcepts provide a bad representation of children s experiences they do establish a foundation for the eventual emergence of logical concepts Ex preschool child in a college classroom would take mental pictures of what they saw but would have no idea what actually occurred in the classroom Centration very powerful tendency in young children to focus in their perception on small parts of a situation rather than seeing the big picture Decentering child begins to be less caught up in particular things in a situation and begin to see the bigger picture I nduction we derive general principles from particular examples Ex an eight year old boy who observes that teachers have favored girls in each of his classes might induce the general principle that girls are teacher s pets Deduction we use general principles to predict particular outcomes Ex the same child could use his general principle to deduce that when he enters his next grade his new teacher will be likely to favor girls Transduction reasoning within the unsystematic collections of images which constitute preconcepts Piaget believed preoperational children are incapable of induction and deduction so he derived transduction The best way to teach a preschooler something is by providing lots of repetitive experience with real objects and events reducing complexity and encouraging exploration 4 Qualities of Preoperational Thought Egocentricity refers to a quality in a child that determines perspective failure of the child to take someone else s perspective on something They can not understand what other people are thinking Piaget did not mean the child was selfish by using this term he meant the child has a hard time seeing the world as others see it Ex child is watching TV and mother is in the kitchen and neither person is able to see each other The child than points to the TV and says He did it Although the mother does not understand who or what the child is talking about since she can not see him nor the TV the child thinks the mother will be able to understand what he is talking about without her seeing it Perception begins to get much better around 4 5 years Irreversibility of Thought child can go through a plan but can not mentally reverse the steps of the plan Ex child takes something apart and can not figure out how to put it back together Things can be mentally reversed around 6 7 years Conservation preschoolers fail to conserve in their reasoning Ex 2 glasses of water with the same amount of liquid are presented to the child Then an empty tall and skinny glass is presented One original glass is poured into the taller skinnier glass which makes liquid appear higher inside this type of glass When child observes one of the original glasses of water with the tall skinny glass he thinks that the skinny glass is holding more water Even when you pour the liquid from the skinny glass to the original glass to show that the amount remains the same regardless of the glass size child still sees the skinny glass as having more liquid because the height of water is taller Failure to distinguish between appearance of something and what may lie beyond the appearance based on the idea of not all things are as they appear Ex Dad puts scary mask on and child screams and cries The father then takes the mask off and the child stops crying When repeated over and over child does not understand that it
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