Child Development Risk and Opportunity Murray Krantz Chapter 2 Psychoanalytic Theory Structure of personality from birth individual is endowed with biologically based sexual and aggressive instincts Libido sex drive constant drive for pleasure Pleasure principle instant gratification Ego functions on the reality principle Ego attempts to satisfy ID Destined to fail unconscious anxiety If too well Superego morality conscience unconscious guilt Can fight back with defense mechanisms repression denial rationalization Psychosexual Personality 1 6 years of life o Oral 1 18 months sucking behavior o Anal 18 months 4 years Defecation o Phallic Stage selects opposite sex parent as love object oedipal complex electra comlex o Latency Repression of drives during middle school o Genital Rebirth of drives Erikson s Psychosocial Theory Development of ego through 8 stages Resolution Permanent o Oral Trust vs Mistrust Sense of trust o Anal Autonomy vs Shame Sense of Autonomy power and decision making o Mutual regulation sensitive reciprocal caring Piaget s Cognitive Developmental Theory Child s active acts upon environment Children as curious inquisitive seek problems to solve Structure All aspects of real word are structured entities Cognitive structures mental units that represent reality Adaptation process by which cognitive structures are applied to and are modified o Assimilation uses existing cognitive structure to interpret an experience o Accommodation Modifies existing structure to conform to new aspect of Cognitive development as series of qualitative changes o Sensori motor 0 24 months action oriented problem solving develop by experiences reality schemas o Preoperational stage 2 6yrs thought mediated by words images symbolic reasoning can organize mental images of event and objects o Concrete Operational 7 11yrs Logical thinking reversible o Formal Operational 12 and older consider general propositions to think about hypothetical events Chapter 5 Perceptual Physical Development Physical Growth in the First 2 Years Changes in height and weight average newborn weights 7 5 pounds and is 20 inches long o In 2 years grows faster than at any other period Birth weight doubles by 5 months and triples by 1st birthday o Grow in spurts Nutrition Breastfeed or formula but breast milk has some advantages Development of the Brain Proliferation of nerve cells extremely rapid during early prenatal stage Nerve cell production stops before birth structure of brain continues Synaptogenesis development of synapses far more than needed after 2nd tear elimination of synapses that are not needed Pruning Plasticity of the human brain If experience is more varied better developed brain Sensory and Perceptual Development Visual Preference Method presents pairs of stimuli and see which stimulus the infant is looking at and records changes in fixation Prefer patterned stimuli Method of event related potentials electrodes are attached to the scalp of an infant to measure changes in activity when changing stimulus Habituation Dishabituation present stimulus several times until habituate and then introduce change if does not alter then change was not perceived High Amplitude Sucking use special pacifier if likes stimulus keeps sucking Development of Visual Perception The eye light waves enter eyes through the lens and land on retina which transforms visual info into neural impulses carried by optic nerve Fovea densely packed set of highly sensitive cells that discriminate detail not mature at birth visual acuity is low Must learn to use ciliary muscles to bend light waves Make out objects at 3 months old Tracking moving objects in space at first jerky eye moments at 3 months smooth pursuit movements Object Perception Scanning object contours attracted to the external contours of objects ignore interior detail o Up until 2nd month Separating figure from ground innate ability Infants are best able to make out objects that they see frequently and that move in relation to other objects and background The Face most significant frequent visual image Depth perception form 3D dimensions Binocular info different locations of the 2 eyes 4 months Interpret Kinetic Info when head moves from side to side image of a near object moves more rapidly than the image of a more distant object Visual Cliff Pictorial info perspective objects of equal size are judged closer or farther away by their relative size in pic and superimposition objects that block out views appear closer Auditory Perception Fetuses react to sound Ear is well developed weeks before birth By 6 months of age highly mature ability to discriminate Locating sound sources newborns can locate sound but declines over next 2 months and comes back at around 4 years old o Was a reflex weakens and then becomes voluntary response Young infants can distinguish perception of speech sounds Taste and Smell Can taste soon after birth Develops rapidly Parents approaches to food has long term effects Smell develops rapidly during neonatal period Developing Motor Control Reflex behavior wired in circuit o Not controlled by brain s info processing center cerebral cortex o Controlled by brain stem o May be related to voluntary counterparts evolutionary history Most reflexes disappear Early Spontaneous Movement Patterned movements emerge gradually over first 4 months o Rhythmical movement stereotypes Voluntary Control of Movement Postural control holding head steady while moving 2 months sitting without support 5 months getting into sitting position 7 months pulling to stand 7 8 months Locomotion moving oneself o Rolling from supine back down to prone front down o Creeping stomach on floor 7 months o Crawling all four limbs Manual Control control of hand picking up 3 4 months o Use grasping thumbs 5 6 months o Pincer grasp thumb and single finger 9 10 months o Accuracy of hand placement 3 4 months o Can grasp most small objects between 4 6 months Motor Control and the Environment Poor living conditions slow down development Parents should facilitate motor control Chapter 6 Cognitive Language Development Infant Learning Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge resulting from experience or practice Habituation respond less and less to a stimulus helps adapt to the diversity and intensity of stimulation and to shut down when overloaded Full term newborns habituate to auditory visual tactile stimulation but young infants vary o Infants who habituate more easily
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