Final Exam Notes Wednesday August 2 Adolesence Physical Cognitive and Psycholosocial Development o Secondary Sex Characteristics Breasts Pelvis changes Pubic and underarm hair Changes in voice Changes in skin Girls Muscular development Boys Muscular development Pubic and underarm hair Changes in voice Changes in skin Facial hair Broadening of shoulders Puberty o Adolescent growth spurt Sharp increase in height weight and muscle and bone growth that precedes sexual maturity lasts about 2 years Average age of Girls 9 to 14 girls reach their adult height around 15 Average age of Boys 10 to 16 boys reach their adult height at around 17 o Signs of sexual maturity Menarche a girls first menstrual period the average age is 12 Spermarche a boys first ejaculation Usually in the form of a wet dream the average age is 13 Boys have been producing sperm a year before their first ejaculation o Secular trend in the onset of puberty a trend of boys and girls starting puberty a lot earlier then the last generation did And the next generation will start puberty earlier then the generation before them and so on and so on This could be due to higher percentages of body fat hormones and chemicals things going on in the family has been found to relate to a girl starting puberty In families with a lot of conflict a girl starts her period a lot earlier Girls who have close relationships with their fathers tend to start puberty later o Not enough physical activity most adolescence do not get enough exercise Risk factor for obesity Dieting has been found to actually increase weight gain Most people who try to diet during adolescence gain more weight because they do not stick to the diet or they mess up their bodies balance o Sleep deprivation is common Need more than 9 hours Exercise and Sleep Eating Disorders o Staying up later at night you cannot make up for lost sleep Pulling an all night and then sleeping in late that weekend will not put balance back into your sleep habit Changes in circadian timing Shift in the brain s natural sleep cycle when you stay up late Melatonin which promotes sleep is secreted later o Increased concern with body image girls tend to be the less satisfied one and they are the ones who tend to have eating disorders African American girls have the highest satisfaction level with their bodies o Anorexia nervosa Self starvation Body image is extremely distorted They view themselves as fat even though they tend to be underweight They are usually good students and perfectionist Seen worldwide o Bulimia nervosa Binging and then purging the body by laxatives induced vomiting fasting or excessive exercise These people tend to have very low self esteem Bulimia is typically seen only in more developed western cultures o Binge eating disorder Frequent binging without subsequent fasting exercise or vomiting Tend to be overweight because they are not losing calories These are people who eat their feelings Drugs Alcohol becomes very addicting and create a dependence that lasts through adulthood Since the brain is still developing during adolescence you have a bigger chance of becoming addicted o Trends the majority of adolescence do not abuse substances 40 have admitted to using a drug before graduating highschool Usually use nonprescription drugs A rise in ecstasy use has begun o Risk factors adolescence with a difficult temperament tend to be more at risk for abusing drugs and alcohol Teens who are high sensation seekers having parents who use drugs and alcohol increases risk Peer rejection and your attitudes towards drug and alcohol abuse o Common adolescent drugs alcohol 16 of 8th graders admitted to using alcohol within the last 30 days 33 of 10th graders admitted to using alcohol within the last 30 days 44 of 12th graders admitted to using alcohol within the last 30 days Most who admitted to drinking said they binge drink The average starting age is 13 14 to start using substances Marijuanna is the most used drug in the US Very addictive and affects attention and alertness Tobacco use has gone down but according to a study 7 of 8th graders currently smoke 14 of 10th graders and 22 of 12th graders currently smoke Depression o Prevalence increases during adolescence and occurs in about 9 of adolescence but about half of those diagnosed get treatment So only about 4 seek treatment Girls are more susceptible than boys to depression They are also more likely to have different anxiety disorders Other risk factors fear of social contact a traumatic life event diabetes or other chronic illnesses family conflict abuse substance use having a parent that is depressed o Can manifest as The most obvious sign is sadness Irritability Boredom Inability to experience pleasure Death o Vehicular accidents Leading cause of death among U S teens Boys are more likely to die in car accidents than girls are Driving with other teen passengers is a risk factor to getting into an accident The more teenage passengers in a car the higher the risk of an accident Newly licensed teens especially during the first year is the riskiest time for teenage drivers Teens are more likely to underestimate dangerous situations Teens are more likely to speed and not allow enough distance between cars Teens don t use seat belts very often 10 of highschool students reported they rarely or never wear seat belts Males were found to be the ones who typically don t wear their seatbelts o Firearms this is more prevalent in the US than any other country However the US death rate for teens and guns has been declining Homicide suicide and accidental deaths One third of all injury deaths o Suicide Third leading cause of death among teens 15 19 17 of highschool students admitted to thinking about suicide before and then 8 of those students admitted to attempting it Girls more likely to consider or attempt but Boys are more likely to succeed This is because boys usually choose more violent methods to make sure they get the job done Highest among native American males and lowest among African American girls Teens who are homosexual bisexual have higher risk for suicide and depression then heterosexual teens o Still some immaturity the frontal cortex is not fully grown which affects planning Brain Development reasoning and organizing o Changes Increase in white matter that began in childhood continues to the frontal lobes Reduction in density of gray matter Growth spurt of gray matter in the frontal lobes around puberty followed by a
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