7 14 14 Third Lecture Class Test 2 Material Audience and Listening Skills o Be audience centered Thinking about what it means to be a listener Thinking about what your audience wants to hear Don t be ethnocentric Ethnocentrism is the belief that our cultural norms and perspectives are superior to others Don t pander Pandering abandoning our own convictions to cater to the whims of the audience o Listening We cannot multitask Most of us only remember 50 of what we hear o What makes up listening Hearing the biological process of processing sounds Listening making a conscious effort to hear and engage the information Listening the process of giving thoughtful attention to another person s words and understanding what you hear Components of listening o Hearing o Attending Don t tune out voices o Understanding message being presented o Remembering Functions of listening o Information reception To understand information o Empathy Take the time to make sense and figure out the meaning of the Trying to retain the information that was presented Sometimes we listen to understand and feel emotions of the speaker o Criticism and discrimination To understand what is really being said o Other affirmation Show someone you are listening Types of listening o Discriminative Listening for what is not being said What is between the lines o Comprehensive Listening to understand o Appreciative Pure enjoyment o Empathetic o Critical Listening to somebody else s problems Not solving problems just listening to them Try to pull the material apart Try to understand and evaluate the message Barriers to listening o Hearing problems Physical problems Hearing impairment o Amount of input o Personal concerns Overloaded with information Things that we find more immediately important because of ourselves than listening at that moment Also called semantic noise noise in our heads o Rapid thought We can understand 600 WPM words per minute but we can only speak 100 140 WPM The lag in speaking creates a barrier o Noise Airplanes going by Trains going by Equipment running Poor listening habits o Pseudo listening An imitation of the real thing o Stage hogging o Defensive listening Only interested in what we have to say Taking innocent comments as personal attacks Remembering 4 tips for remembering o 1 Organization Find a pattern in the information you are hearing Something that categorizes the information for you o 2 Association Connect information in your brain Make a connection to something you already know o 3 Visualization o 4 Repetition Picture what is happening Tends to not work very well beyond the short term memory Monroe s Motivated Sequence o Attention Get audience attention Use a quote humor and statistics Anything o Need What is the issue we are talking about What is the problem Provide a statement of the problem Give an illustration Present examples of what you are talking about Ramification using supporting material to get across Pointing impress upon the audience how important the this idea issue is o Satisfaction Given the need now say how to satisfy that need The solution We want to state what the solution is We then want to back it up Explanation Theoretical demonstration Practical experience o Ways that it has been used in the past o Things we can point to and say it works Meeting objections o Know ahead of time what people will be concerned with then address them o Visualization How to picture what the world is like once audience listens to your speech You can use 1 of 3 methods 1 Positive method o What good things will happen if they listen 2 Negative method 3 Contrast method o What bad things will happen if they don t listen o Say both good and bad things that will happen o Action Call to action Say steps your audience can take to implement your message 7 21 14 Fourth Lecture Class Test 2 Material Persuasion o Monroe s Motivated Sequence Has been around and actively used for 80 years Well known method of putting together a persuasive argument o When we persuade We are looking to influence other people s attitudes beliefs values and or behaviors Attitudes Generally defined as our general evaluations of people ideas objects or events Beliefs Values The way we perceive reality Our feelings about what is true Enduring values about what is right and wrong Something that is held very tightly to you Argument Articulation a position with support of evidence and reason our willingness to argue our point of view Ethical Communication o The goal is to reach the desired ends through an honest means o What is persuasion Aristotle called persuasion the art and defined it as the faculty of observing in a given case the available means of persuasion o Persuasion is symbolic non coercive influence o Jergan Habermas Theory of Communicative Action Strategic communication Other groups get involved in communication o Communication action Argue for the sake of understanding Elaboration Likelihood Model o ELM o Model of persuasion o We process information different ways depending on motivation o Central root of processing Straight forward and complete messages High level of receiver involvement Receiver actually cares about the subject The message must have substance o Peripheral Processing Means we may be persuade by factors that have nothing to do with the actual content of the message itself Weak messages Low receiver involvement Low receiver motivation Not processed cognitively o How do we keep persuasion about enlightenment By being careful deliberate non offensive communication Checklist for persuasion o Context The situation 1 Equal opportunity to persuade 2 Complete revelation of agendas Share what you have to gain from this 3 Critical receivers People who really want to hear the message o Agent Takes communication seriously Have to provide good information Fosters informed choice If you are the sole speaker it is your job to provide all sides to the story Appeals to the best in people Ignorance bias etc Not following good communication o Receiver Aware of the attempt to influence Informed about important topics Understand as much of the message as you can Gather information about the topic prior Know your own bias Know where you stand on things and know your true feelings about the topic Aware of methods of persuasion You know what to anticipate and can be more critical of the speakers methods of persuasion Credibility and Integrity o Argument articulation a position with support of evidence and reason