SPC2608 Exam 2 Study Guide Breakdown Outline of The Pocket Guide to Public Speaking Lecture Material is integrated within the chapter outlines THIS MATERIAL IS BASED OFF THE 3RD EDITION OF THE BOOK CHAPTER NUMBERS MAY BE OFF BUT THE MATERIAL IS STILL THE SAME Ethics Ethical persuasion handout on Bb Earn Listener s Trust Respect Audience s Values First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech Some forms of speech are illegal Establish Speaker Credibility being reliable to present true and factual information based off experience or research Speech that invokes violence o o Defamatory speech potentially harms an individuals reputation that works in or for the community Speech that invades an individuals privacy o You are not legally liable unless you show reckless disregard for the truth as in knowing what you are saying is false but said it anyways Public Discourse speech involving issues of importance to the larger community Dignity refers to ensuring that listeners feel worthy honored or respected as individuals Integrity that the speaker is not corrupt they will avoid compromising the truth Trustworthiness combination of honesty and dependability revealing the true purpose of the speech and maintaining truth about the subject Respect demonstrated by addressing the audience members as unique human beings and refraining from any person attack Responsibility being able to account for what you say by using sound reasoning and evidence Fairness making a genuine effort to see all sides of an issue and acknowledging the information listeners need in order to make an informed decision Hate Speech any offensive communication verbal or non verbal Plagiarism the passing off of another s information as your own one must oral acknowledge their sources in order to avoid this Common Knowledge information that is likely to be known to many people does not require a source Ways to cite a source Direct quotations statements made verbatim from the source Paraphrase a restatement of someone else s ideas but does not alter the substance merely the form Summary a brief overview of someone s ideas opinions or theories Copyright legal protection of literary and artistic works Public domain a place in which anyone can reproduce this information Fair use permits the limited use of copyrighted works without the permission of education research and reporting Creative commons an organization that allows creators of work to allow how they want other people to use there copyrighted works Being a listener Listening the conscious act of receiving comprehending interpreting evaluating and responding to messages people pay attention to things held to be important we pay attention to the information that touches our experiences and backgrounds we sort and filter new information on the basis of what we already know and establish relevance Selective perception paying attention selectively to certain messages while ignoring others Listen responsibly by refraining from disruptive behavior and intimidating tactics Dialogic communication the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of respect Active Listening Listening that is focused and purposeful Listening Distraction anything that competes for the attention we are trying to give to something else Defensive Listening deciding that you don t like what the speaker is discussing or that you know better Differences in dialects accents nonverbal cues word choice and even physical appearance are all forms of Cultural Barriers Idioms colloquial expressions such as apple of his eye that other cultures may not understand Analyzing the Audience Attitudes our general evaluations of people ideas objects or events To judge it relatively as good or bad Beliefs the way in which people perceive reality Values our most enduring judgments about what is good and bad in life In your speech you want to appeal to your listeners attitudes beliefs and values Gauge their feelings towards the topic Relate the topic to their positive feelings Steer clear of jargon Make the topic clear and explain the basics Motivate listeners to pay attention by stressing what is important Offer evidence they are likely to accept Give good reasons to develop positive attitudes towards the topic Tell stories with vivid languages to reinforce the listeners existing attitudes And pay attention to the length of your speech Identification a feeling of commonality Captive Audience required hearing the speaker not by choice Voluntary Audience people who attend a speech on their own free will Target Audience the individuals within the broader audience whom you are most likely to influence in the direction you seek Ethnic or cultural background affects the understanding of your audience and their sensitivity of your subjects socioeconomic status religion and political affiliation gender Socioeconomic status includes income occupation and education level Consider cross cultural values and universal values Surveying the Audience Questionnaire a series of open and closed ended questions Closed ended questions elicit a small range of specific answers supplied by the interviewer Fixed Alternative questions have limited answers such as yes or no Scale Questions attitude scales strongly agree agree neutral disagree strongly disagree Persuasive Speaking Persuasive speech the goal is to influence attitudes beliefs values and acts of others Geared towards what motivates listeners Ways to achieve the persuasive goal Make your message personally relevant to the audience Demonstrate how any change you propose will benefit the audience Set modest goals minor changes in attitudes beliefs and values rather than major ones Target issues that trigger emotion Demonstrate how an attitude or behavior might keep the audience from satisfaction Establish strong credibility Arguments stated positions with support for or against and idea or issue Logos what Aristotle called appealing to reason and logic Pathos what Aristotle called emotions such as pride love anger shame and fear One must appeal to these to have an effective persuasive argument Ethos Aristotle termed this effect of the speaker on the audience s moral character Was to establish persuasive credibility Demonstrate trustworthiness by presenting the topic honestly and straightforward Establish a feeling of identity commonality and goodwill If relevant acknowledge personal knowledge Be vibrant and charismatic Target listeners needs Based on Maslow s hierarchy of needs Encourage