Public speaking Study Guide Successful speakers generally use familiar terms easy to follow sentences and transitional words and phrases Types of Public Speaking Dyadic Communication happens between two people as in a conversation Small group communication a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another Mass Communication speaker and a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listener Public Speaking speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech channel the medium through which the speaker sends a message Roots of Public Speaking speeches was known as speaking to enact it rhetoric also known as oratory what the original practice of giving Athens was the site of the worlds first democracy and people used public Roman orator Ciero divided the process of preparing a speech into five parts called the Canons of Rhetoric 1 Invention adapting speech info to the audience in order to make your case the topic and audience speech ideas 2 Arrangement organizing the speech in ways best suited to 3 Style the way the speaker uses language to express the 4 5 Memory and Delivery the methods of rehearsing and presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content voice and nonverbal behavior Speech and Ethics Frist Amendment guarantees freedom of speech assures protection both to speaker who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words and inflammatory and offensive Certain types of speech are illegal SPEECH THAT PROVOKES PEOPLE TO VIOLENCE Defamatory or potentially harms an individuals reputation at work or in the community Speech that invades a persons privacy such as disclosing a non public record You speech with a reckless regard for the truth Speaking ethically requires certain pillars of character trustworthiness respect responsibility fairness When presenting other ideas you can present them in 3 ways 1 direct quotes statements made verbatim 2 paraphrase restatement of someone else s ideas or opinions 3 Summary brief overview of someone else s ideas Copyrights Legal protection for the original creators of a work a copyright is good during the authors lifetime plus 50 years after that it becomes public domain anyone can produce it Exception to the copyright act The Fair use Doctrine permits the limited use of copyrighted works without permission for the purposes of scholarship criticism comment new reporting teaching or research Creative Commons an organization that allows creators of works to decide how they want other people to use their copyrighted works Offers 6 types of licenses They only list 3 in the book 1 Attribution lets you use the work if you give credit the way the author requests 2 Non commercial lets you use the work for noncommercial purposes only 3 No Derivative lets you use only verbatim exact versions of the work Listeners and Speakers respect We listen selectively Dialogic communication the open sharing of ideas in an atmosphere of Active Listening listening that is focused and purposeful Defensive Listening you decide either that you wont life what the speaker is going to say or that you know better When speaking avoid Idioms colloquial expressions such as apple of his eye that non native speaker might not know Steps to writing a speech 1 Select a topic 2 Analyze the Audience learn all you can about them Demographic characteristics age gender race 3 Determine the speech purpose Informative Speech provides an audience with new information new insights or new ways of thinking about a topic Persuasive speech intends to influence the attitudes belifs values or acts of others Special Occasion speech ceremonial marks a special event Can be informative or persuasive 4 Compose a Thesis Statement concisely identifies for your audience in a single sentence what the speech is about 5 Develop the Main Points organize you speech around two or three main points 6 Gather Supporting Materials sources 7 Separate the speech into its major parts a Intro get audiences attention introduce topic preview main points use a transition to signal the start of the speech body b Body state thesis develop main points use transition to signal conclusion c Conclusion restate thesis and reiterate how main points confirm it leave something for audience to think about be prepared to answer questions I II 8 outline the Speech Main Point 1 Main Point 2 a First Level of Subordination b Second Level of subordination i Third Level of Subordination ii Third Level of Subordination 9 Consider Presentation Aids 10 Practice Delivering your speech a Practice pronunciation avoid speaking in monotone decide on how you want to phrase your statements pitch and speed b Nonverbal Delivery practice smiling or animating your face in ways that feel natural to you eye contact natural hand gestures How to deal with speech anxiety keep a positive mindset Visualize success Meditation and Controlled breathing Use natural gestures during your speech Welcome Feedback Adapt to Your Audience If the Topic is new to your listeners o Show why topic is relevant to them o Relate the topic to familiar issues and ideas they already hold positive attitudes towards If they know little about the topic o Stick to basics and include background info o Steer clear of jargon o Repeat important points and summarize If they are negative toward the topic focus of establishing rapport and credibility don t directly challenge listeners attitudes discover why they have a negative bias offer solid evidence they are likely to accept give good reasons for them to have a positive attitude toward the topic If Listener has a positive attitude emphasize side of argument they agree with reinforce listeners attitudes with stories Captive audience motivate by stressing what is most relevant to them pay attention to length of speech Adapt to the demographic of your audience the statistical characteristic of a given population Age ethnic or cultural background Income occupation education religion political Affiliation Focus on universal values Socioeconomic Status income occupation and education gender social and psychological sense of self as male or female Selecting a Topic and Purpose steer clear of trivial and overused topics brainstorm by word association write down a single topic that