Test Review for Unit Test I A Pocket Guide to Public Speaking Third Edition Week 1 Review Chapter 1 Becoming a Public Speaker Pages 2 8 Gain a Vital Life Style Public speaking training sharpens your ability to reason and think critically Build on Familiar Skills Both the conversationalist and the public speaker try to uncover the audience s interests and needs before speaking Develop and Effective Oral Style Successful speakers generally use familiar terms easy to follow sentences and transitional words and phrases Audience members want to know what the speaker thinks and feels Public speaking usually occurs more in formal settings listeners generally expect a more formal style To develop an effective oral style you must practice the words you will say and the way you will say them Becoming an Inclusive Speaker To create this sense of inclusion a public speaker must be able to address diverse audiences with sensitivity When planning and delivering their speeches they try to take audience members sensitive s related to culture ethnicity gender age disability and other relevant characteristics into account Establishing a genuine connection with the audience Public Speaking as a Form of Communication Public speaking is one of four categories of human communication dyadic small group mass and public speaking Dyadic Communication happens between two people Small Group Communication involves a small number of people who can see and speak directly with one another Mass Communication occurs between a speaker and a large audience of unknown people who usually are not present with the speaker or who are part of such an immense crowd that there can be little or no interaction between speaker and listen Public Speaking a speaker delivers a message with a specific purpose to an audience of people who are present during the delivery of the speech A speaker who has a reason for speaking an audience that gives the speaker its attention and a message that is meant to accomplish a specific purpose Shared Elements in All Communication Events Several elements are present the source the receiver the message the channel and shared meaning The source or sender is the person who creates a message Creating organizing and producing the message is called encoding the press of converting thoughts into words The recipient of the source s message is the receiver or audience The process of the source s message is the receiver or audience The process of interpreting the message is called decoding Feedback the audience s response to a message can be conveyed both verbally and nonverbally The message is the content of the communication process thoughts and ideas put into meaningful expressions expressed verbally and nonverbally The medium through which the speaker sends a message is the channel air telephone Shared meaning is the mutual understanding of a message between speaker and audience Two other factors are critical to consider when preparing and delivering a speech context and goals Context includes anything that influences the speaker the audience the occasion and thus the speech All speeches are delivered in response to a specific rhetorical situation or a circumstance calling for a public response Audience centered that you keep the needs values attitudes and wants of your listeners firmly in focus The Classical Roots of Public Speaking The practice of giving speeches was known as rhetoric also called oratory Rhetoric flourished in the Greek city state of Athens in the 5 century and referred to making effective speeches particularly those of the persuasive nature Athens citizens had skills in public speaking where they would have their speeches in the community s public square called the agora Romans would have their speeches in the public space called the forum Aristotle the Roman statesman and orator Cicero divided the process of preparing a speech into five parts called the canons of rhetoric Invention refers to adapting speech information to the audience in order to make your case Arrangement is organizing the speech in ways best suited to the topic and audience Style is the way the speaker uses language to express the speech ideas Memory and delivery are the methods of rehearsing and presenting the speech so that you achieve the most effective blend of content voice and nonverbal behavior Chapter 4 Ethical Public Speaking Earn Your Listeners Trust Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos meaning characters Demonstrate positive ethos Speaker Credibility reveals that people place their greatest thrust in speakers who Have a solid grasp of the subject Display sound reasoning skills Are honest and unmanipulative Are genuinely interested in the welfare of their listeners Use Your Rights of Free Speech Responsibly First Amendment which guarantees freedom of speech assures protection both to speakers who treat the truth with respect and to those whose words are inflammatory and offensive Types of Speech that is illegal Speech that provokes people to violence Speech that can be provided to be defamatory or that potentially harms an individual s reputation at work or in the community Speech that invades a person s privacy such as disclosing information about an individual that is not in the public record If you are talking about public figures or matters of public concern you will not be legally liable unless it can be shown that you spoke with a reckless disregard for the truth that is if you knew that what you were saying was false but said it anyways Contribute to Positive Public Discourse Public Discourse speech involving issues of importance to the larger community Most important contribution public debates of this nature is the advancement of constructive goals It steers clear of invective or verbal attacks designed to unfairly discredit demean and belittle those with whom you disagree Ethical speakers avoid arguments that target a person instead of the issue at hand or that are built upon other fallacies of reasoning Observe Ethical Ground Rule The qualities of dignity and integrity should infuse everything aspect of a speech Dignity refers to ensuring that listeners feel worthy honored or respected as individuals Integrity signals the speaker s incorruptibility that he or she will avoid compromising the truth for the sake of personal expediency Pillars of Character trustworthy respectful responsible and fair in our presentations Avoid Offensive Speech Hate Speech is any offensive communication