Speech Exam One Informative Speech concept o Primary goal Persuasive speech o Describe an object show how something works report an event or explain a Convey knowledge and understanding o Attempt to change or reinforce an audience s attitudes beliefs or actions o Address questions of fact questions of value and questions of policy o Pays tribute to a person a group of people an institution an event a thing a Special Occasion Speech place or an idea o After Dinner speech A speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a light hearted manner o Inspirational or Motivational speech Persuasive speech that is designed to invigorate an audience and move hearts and minds through the effective use of language and other rhetorical devices Communication the process of sending and receiving verbal and nonverbal messages to create shared meaning Context o Refers to where the communication occurs Intrapersonal communication o Communicating with oneself Journal writings self talk or when we make decisions in our heads Interpersonal Communication o Between people who have identifiable relationship with each other Interviewing counseling relationships Takes place in a speech when we self disclose to audience Impersonal Communication o Between two people about general topics Small Group Communication o Occurs in groups about three to ten people Centers around a specific task to reach a goal to discuss ideas or to serve Computer Mediated Communication social needs o Communication through a range of technologies Email discussion boards chats etc Intercultural Communication Public communication o Occurs whenever two or more people from different cultures interact o Communicating to audience of more than ten people Public speaking lecturing etc Mass Communication o Communication that is produced and transmitted via media to large audiences TV print movies music etc Anxiety o Identify your fears write them out o Self talk use positive versus negative o Visualize see yourself succeeding o Practice practice practice until you feel like you have 80 let the other 20 take care of itself o Know your material if you are not familiar with your material or are uncomfortable with it your nervousness will increase Practice your speech and revise it until you can present it with ease o Learn how to relax breathe o Concentrate on your message not the medium your nervousness will dissipate if you focus your attention on your message and audience not yourself or your anxiety o Avoid stimulants or strange foods prior to speaking anything that may cause additional stress o Aim to achieve controlled nervousness turn nervousness into positive energy The same nervous energy that causes stage fright can be an asset to you harness it and transform it into vitality and enthusiasm o Act poised and confident o Look audience members in the eyes o Do not let individual listeners upset you o Forget perfection you don t have to be brilliant or perfect to succeed Everyone makes mistakes just go with it Doing your best is good enough o Don t apologize for your nervousness Most people are most can t tell that you are and if they can they won t judge you o Remember your audience wants you to succeed o Gain experience Experience builds skills and confidence which is the key to effective speaking Most beginning speakers find their anxieties decrease after each speech they give o The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with Communication apprehension Types of Communication Apprehension others o Trait like o Audience based person o Situational o Context based setting When a person feels anxious about speaking in most situations whether it is one on one or in front of a group of people When a person feels anxious about speaking in front of a certain group or Short lived anxiety that occurs during a specific encounter Interviews speaking to a professor about an assignment or speaking to a significant other about a situation When a person is anxious whenever he or she has to speak in a particular Public speaking meetings group discussion situations and one on one situations Listening o Don t be ethnocentric o Don t pander o Most of us only remember 50 of what we hear Components of listening o Hearing o Attending o Understanding o Remembering Functions of listening o Information reception o Empathy o Criticism and Discrimination o Other Affirmation Types of listening o Discriminative When we listen for the hidden meaning The listener must be attentive to both verbal and nonverbal cues o Comprehensive When we listen in order to understand The purpose is to gain and retain knowledge In order to do so you must hear and discriminate verbal and nonverbal messages first When we listen for pure enjoyment The purpose is to enjoy the beauty of o Appreciative what one is hearing o Empathetic o Critical When we listen to someone else s problem or situation in order to lend support not advice In order to lend support one must hear discriminate the nonverbal and verbal messages and comprehend the message first When we hear understand evaluate and assign worth to a message The goal is to think about the message and react analytically to it This type of listening causes the must retention There is a model you can use for this type of listening the SIER Model of Critical Listening Critical listening is a four step process Step 1 Sense hear the message o Obstacles here may include low volume environmental and psychological noise and listener disabilities Step 2 Interpret understand the message o Obstacles in this stage include jargon slang and not knowing the language or dialect of the speaker Step 3 Evaluate the message o The goal is to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the message and determine whether you agree or disagree with the message The listening process has a tendency to break down during this step Beware of prejudging the speaker s credibility based upon how they are dressed on your own personal feelings toward the speaker Step 4 React to the message o This is when you assign worth to the message you have hard and determine how you are affected by the message An effective listener finds something of value in each message A message is effective and valuable if other members of the audience found the message helpful or useful Barriers to listening o Hearing problems o Amount of input o Personal concerns o Rapid thought o Noise Poor listening habits o Pseudo listening an imitation of the