SPC2608 Unit 2 Exam Chapter 16 Using Language Prepare your speeches for the ear o Strive for simplicity When deciding between synonyms always pick the simpler word Jargon the specialized insider language of a given profession o Be concise Try to use fewer rather than more words and shorter sentences o Make frequent use of repetition Good speeches repeat key words and phrases o Use personal pronouns This draws the audience into the message Choose concrete words and vivid images o Help audience members grasp meaning and encourages involvement o Use concrete language Concrete language conveys meaning that is specific tangible and definite Abstract language general or nonspecific leaving meaning open to interpretation o Offer vivid imagery Imagery concrete language that uses the sense of smell taste sight hearing and touch to paint mental pictures Figures of speech expressions such as metaphors similes and analogies in which words are used in a nonliteral fashion to achieve rhetorical effect Simile explicitly compares one thing to another using like or as Metaphor compares two things but does so by describing one thing as actually being the other Analogy an extended metaphor or simile that clarifies an unfamiliar concept by comparing it to a more familiar one Avoid clich s and mixed metaphors Choose words that build credibility o Use words appropriately Uphold conventional rules of grammar Code switching mixing casual language dialects and slang into your speech Can sometimes be effective o Use words accurately The audience loses confidence when the speaker misuses words Malapropisms the inadvertent incorrect uses of a word or phrase in the place of one that sounds like it o Avoid the Shock Jock syndrome Term for a radio host that uses suggestive language o Use the active voice Voice a feature of verbs that indicates the subject s relationship to the action o Use culturally sensitive and gender neutral language Respect your listener s cultural beliefs norms and traditions Choose words that create a lasting impression o Denotative vs Connotative Meaning Denotative literal or dictionary definition Connotative the special association that different people bring to bear on it o Use repetition to create a rhythm Implants the ideas into the listener s mind Anaphora the speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases clauses or sentences o Use alliteration for poetic quality Alliteration the repetition of the same sounds usually initial consonants in two or more neighboring words or syllables o Experiment with parallelism Parallelism the arrangement of words phrases or sentences in a similar form Antithesis setting off two strongly contrasting ideas in balanced opposition Orally numbering your points Grouping speech concepts or ideas into three parallel grammatical elements or triads Repeating a key word or phrase that emphasizes a central or recurring idea of speech Chapter 24 Persuasive Speaking LECTURE NOTES Monroe s Motivated Sequence Helps motivate us to respond affirmatively to things Tailored made for PSAs Looking to influence other people s attitudes beliefs values and or behaviors Attitudes our general evaluations of people ideas objects or events Beliefs the way we perceive reality our feelings about what is true Values enduring values about what is right and wrong What do you want your audience to do Buy change choose do donate establish get involved join make pay quit sell sign study support take volunteer vote Or just to think differently about something Coherent cohesive argument Argument is articulating a position with support of evidence and reason our willingness to argue our point of view Key elements of MMS 1 Attention Goal is to get attention of our audience And include all other elements of an introduction 2 Need Establishing the problem Make sure to describe and demonstrate that problem 3 Satisfaction The solution How it is going to solve the problem 4 Visualization Helps us to see into the future Anything that is undesirable from the problem you will help the audience see it Or contrast the positive and negatives of the solution Has to be based on reality realistic 5 Action Tell us exactly what to do Step Getting attention Audience response I want to listen Step Showing the need describing the problem Audience response Something needs to be done Step Satisfying the need presenting the solution Audience response This is what to do to satisfy the need Step Visualizing the results Audience response I can see myself enjoying the benefits of such an action Step Requesting action or approval Audience response I will do this Introduction Get our attention Clearly reveal topic Listener relevance Establish credibility Preview main points Conclusion Elite ration of topic and main point summary How you will do have done what you re saying Three different types of people in audiences 1 Agree with you need to reinforce 2 Neutral need to form an idea 3 Disagree reform their position in something What is persuasion Aristotle called persuasion the art and defined it as The faculty of observing in a given case the available means of persuasion Persuasion symbolic noncoercive influence Persuasion as Enlightenment An opportunity to view a different perspective Dr Rich Templin Jergan Habermas theory of communicative action Strategic Communication Communicative Action arguing to create understanding not just to win Elaboration Likelihood Model ELM We process information in different ways depending on motivation and ability Centrally OR Peripherally Central processing means we give thoughtful consideration to the ideas and content in the message Peripheral processing means we may be persuaded by factors that have nothing to do with the actual content of the message itself Central route Straightforward and complete messages High level of receiver involvement Receiver actually cares about the subject The message must have substance Peripheral route Weak messages Low receiver involvement Low receiver motivation Not processed cognitively How do we keep persuasion about enlightenment Careful deliberate non offensive communication Checklist for responsible persuasion Three factors to consider Context Agent Receiver 1 Equal opportunity to persuade 2 Complete revaluation if agendas 3 Critical receivers Context Agent 1 Takes communication seriously 2 Fosters informed choice 3 Appeals to the best in people Receiver 1 Aware of attempts to influence 2 Informed about important