Chapter 4 Concept 4 2 Organic Chemical is study of Carbon Vitalism idea that organic compounds arise only in organisms was disprove when chemist synthesized those compounds Mechanism is the view that physical and chemical laws govern all natural phenomena mechanism and cynate ions form elements organic compounds Experiments in organic chemistry caused shift from Vitalism to 1828 fredrich Wohler synthesized Urea from ammonium and cyante ions Herman Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic substances derived Stanly Miller s classic experiment demonstrated the abiotic synthesis of Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds perhaps near volcanoes could have been a stage in the origin of life Concept 4 2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms CO2 O C O Is it organic No because it does not have a hydrogen Molecular diversity arises from carbon skeleton skeleton Carbon chains form the skeleton of most organic molecules Hydrocarbons Only carbon and hydrogen Can undergo reactions that release a lot of energy Hydrocarbons are a major component of petroleum Isomers structures Isomers are compounds that have similar formulas but different Structural Isomers Different covalent arrangements Branching our vs not branching out arrangements Enantiomers Mirror image Cis trans isomers Same covalent bonds but differ in spatial These are important because one form can be helpful vs being dangerous Variations show how sensitive organisms are to subtle variations in Enantiomers molecules Thalidomide 1950 s 60 s to cure morning sickness Mixture of two enantiomers One cured morning sickness The other caused birth defects Used to cure Myeloma Non Pregnant women Concept 4 3 Chemical Groups Distinctive properties of organic molecules depend on the carbon skeleton and on the molecular components attached to it Functional groups Components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions 7 Functional Groups Hydroxyl Group Form hydrogen bonds with water to dissolve organic compounds Carbonyl Group Sugar Aldose Ketose Aldehyde Outside of molecule Ketone Inside of molecule Carboxyl Group Acts as an Acid gives away H C C C O Acidic OH If buffered at pH 7 acts as an acid C C C O O Ester Group Formed from Carboxylic Acid C C C O O R Amino Groups Acts as a base can pick up H C NH2 Basic C NH3 If buffered Acidic Sulfhydryl Group C S H Covalent bonds with another to stabilize proteins Phosphate Group Potential to react with water release energy Acidic C CH3 Methyl Group Add to DNA after its gene expression arrangement of methyl groups is male and female sex hormones effects their shape and function if buffered acts as an acid
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