IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT CONCEPTSINTRODUCTIONEXPERIMENTAL PROBLEMPROCEDURE10. Click Redo (twice) to do another recording. DO NOT HIT ‘DONE’.WHAT TO TURN IN:IMPORTANT TERMS1. Ventilation2. Diffusion3. Conducting zone4. Respiratory zone5. SpirometryIMPORTANT CONCEPTS1. Spirometry2. Lung Volumes3. Lung Capacities4. FEV1INTRODUCTIONThe respiratory system is comprised of the larynx, trachea, bronchi and the lungs. In essence, it is a series of tubes that progressively get smaller and smaller as we move from the nasal and oral cavities down into the lungs. The primary role of the respiratory system is to allowfor a transfer of gases, specifically oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2), between the internal and external environments. This gas exchange occurs in response to two phenomena: ventilation,the movement of air into and out of the lungs; and diffusion, the exchange of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.The respiratory system is divided into the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. Theconducting zone is responsible for bulk movement of air and is associated with ventilation. It also functions to filter, warm and humidify the incoming or inhaled air. The conducting zone is comprised of the following structures:- Trachea- Bronchi- Bronchioles- Terminal bronchiolesThe respiratory zone is associated with gas diffusion. The function of the respiratory zone is toexchange gas, that is, to remove CO2 from the blood and deposit O2 into the blood. The structures associated with the respiratory zone include:- Respiratory bronchioles- Alveolar ducts- Alveolar sacsThere are approximately 300 million alveoli in the human lung, providing an estimated 60-80square meters of surface area available for diffusion. Capillary beds surround the alveoli for quick transfer of gas into the blood stream.Lung function is assessed using a technique known as spirometry. Inspired and expired gas volumes are measured while a participant breathes through a specialized device. SpirometryLABORATORY #5: Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities1is used in clinical settings to diagnose patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema and chronic dyspnea, among other diseased states. Lung volumes,which are separate from lung capacities, are measured via spirometry and include tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.The total volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a resting breath represents tidal volume(TV). The volume of air measured during a maximal inhalation, above normal breathing, is the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV). The volume of air forcefully exhaled past normal breathing is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV). Following a maximal exhalation there is still air present inthe lungs. This volume is denoted as the residual volume (RV).Lung capacities are calculations based on two or more lung volumes and are used as indicators of lung function. An individual’s vital capacity (VC) is the amount of air that is forcibly exhaled after a maximal inhalation. The inspiratory capacity (IC) is the maximal amountof inhaled air following a normal exhalation. The volume of air present in the lungs following a normal exhalation is the functional residual capacity (FRC). And the total lung capacity (TLC) isthe maximal amount of air present in the lungs after a maximal inhalation.Lung volumes and capacities are generally displayed in a spirogram (Figure 10.9 in your textbook). Together, measures of lung volumes and capacities are used to diagnose individuals with pulmonary diseases and disorders.Another common method to diagnose pulmonary diseases or disorders is testing an individual’s FEV1. FEV1 stands for ‘forced expiratory volume in 1 second’. In common terms, itis the amount of air an individual can forcefully exhale in 1 second after a full inhale. Healthy individuals tend to have an FEV1 around 80%, which means they are able to expire 80% of their vital capacity in 1 second. Those that have a disorder or disease, such as COPD, may only have an FEV1 of 40%.EXPERIMENTAL PROBLEMIn this lab, you will investigate lung volumes and capacities of two individuals during rest and 3 bouts of exercise on a cycle ergometer. You will measure and calculate all of the major volumes and capacities: TV, IRV, ERV, RV, VC, IC, FRC, and TLC. In addition, during the ‘rest’ measurements, you will calculate the FEV1. This lab will utilize the BioPac system (L13 – Pulmonary Function II).PROCEDURE1. Open BioPac L13 – Pulmonary Function II.2. Hold the transducer in an upright position. Do not breathe into the transducer during calibration. Click ‘Calibrate.’ The screen will cycle through TWICE (total of 8 seconds).3. Connect the calibration syringe to the transducer via the bacteriological filter.4. Let the transducer hang off the edge of the table and hold the calibration syringe with thehandle fully extended. Click ‘OK’ and begin pumping the syringe through 5 cycles (in and out is one cycle). Click ‘End Calibration’ when complete. Make sure there are 5 complete cycles displayed on the screen. Redo calibration as needed (click ‘Redo Calibration’).5. Remove syringe and attach personal disposable filter to transducer. Have the participantsit down and breathe normally for 3 minutes. They should then put on a nose piece andbreathe through the transducer. Wait 20 seconds.6. Click ‘Record FEV’ at the end of exhalation. Count, out loud, 5 breathing cycles (in andout is one cycle). At the end of the 5th cycle, direct participant to INHALE AS DEEPLY AS POSSIBLE, HOLD FOR 1 SECOND, AND EXHALE AS QUICKLY AND AS DEEPLY AS POSSIBLE. THIS EXHALE SHOULD LAST 3-6 SECONDS AND BE UNCOMFORTABLE. After, continue breathing normally for 5 complete cycles.7. Click ‘Stop’ after last exhalation.8. Analyze the data, recording the 4 volumes of interest.9. If this was your ‘rest’ condition, also measure the FEV1. To do this, highlight the max inhale to the max inhale and click ‘Calculate FEV’. Change the last red box from ‘None’ to ‘Delta T’. Click on the graph where the slope starts to increase and drag it until Delta T= 1.00. The ‘Delta’ value is your FEV1.10. Click Redo (twice) to do another recording. DO NOT HIT ‘DONE’.11. Have the participant sit on the cycle ergometer and adjust seat height. They will be exercising at 60 rpm against 1 kg resistance for 3 minutes. During last 30