1.30.14 kin 470 class notes- Articleo Obesity is found to gain its hold in earliest yearso 5 years old – did they remain obese in later years?o Residence in our department – schools in Springfield implementing exercise programs in the classroomo Speak with Dr. Alex Hano Other article; Headway in reducing obesity in children and adolescents?- Questions of the dayo Why is lactic acid formed and what happens to it/where does it end up?o What the purpose of making NADH and FADH2? Electron carries ETC – electron transport chain- Anaerobic ATP Productiono ATP – PCr system Immediate source of ATP: 1 PCr  1ATP use creatine kinase during reactiono PCr + ADP  ATP + Cro During exercise, phosphate builds upo Even though we burn through a lot of ATP, they are essentially static (the same) over timeo Peaks stay the same – body is very good at maintaining the concentration of ATP in the muscleso Maintain ATP at expense of phosphocreatine It is neat & cool if you are a sprinter – get energy really fast Not very efficient, 1:1 Better ways of getting more ATP- Anaerobic ATP productiono Glycolysis 1 glucose  2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate or lactateo glucose: 6 carbon molecule C6H12O6- the two phases of glycolysiso happens in two phaseso goes from cytosol to inside mitochondriao 1. Energy investment phase priming the molecule to release energy later 2 ATP requiredo 2. Energy generation phase produce 4 ATPo end: 2 3-c molecules either pyruvate or lactate 2 ADP  2 ATP 2 NAD  2 NADH 1 glucose  2 pyruvate/lactate- Entry of glucose into glycolysiso 1st reaction depends depends on whether you start with glucose from blood, or glycogen (storage form)- glucose from blood  cell, use ATP to make it glucose 6 phosphate more often tap into glycogen, interact with phosphate- becomes glucose 6 phosphate by adding a phosphate, doesn’t cost an ATP end up with pyruvate/lactate (first intermediate)- What glycogen looks likeo Legoso Glucose molecules all tacked together and branching off from one another- Glycolysis; energy investment phaseo 1st step: use an ATP  glucose 6 phosphate (phosphorylation)o 2. Rearrangement fructose 6 phosphate  fructose 1 and 6 biphosphate requires an ATPo 3. The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon G3P molecules- Glycolysis Payoff Phaseo 4. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate oxidized, harness energy to phosphorylate it becomes 1, 3 biphosphoglycerate in the process, NAD is reduced to NADHo 5. Extract ATP phosphate comes off  3 phosphoglycerate because we have 2 reactions going we get 2 ATP from this stepo 6. Oxidation by removal of water  PEP moleculeso 7.o 8.- What happens to that pyruvate at end of glycolysis?o During rest, with lots of oxygen around, NADH shuttled to mitochondria,  Used to make ATP via oxidative phosphoylation Use protons and electronso If no O2 or too fast, H+ and electrons from NADH are accepted by pyruvic acid to form lactic acid- Conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acido Lots of pyruvic acido Lots of H+ building upo Way of recyclingo Lactate dehydrogenase, take NADH, electrons transferred to pyruvic acid by adding two protons to ito NADH  NAD Continues to glycolysis againo This builds up enough, can be measured in blood Indicates how hard someone is exercisingo Lactate threshold…o Highlights enzymatic reaction Substrate = pyruvic acid Enzyme = lactate hydrogenase Product = lactic acido These reactions can proceed in forward direction or the reverse When you stop exercising so intensely or get more oxygen, it can occur in the reverse- Three stages of oxidative phosphorylationo Figure from book showno Krebs cycleo There are three phaseso Book shows you where each occurso Glycolysis: cytosolo Krebs: mitochondriao Pyruvate strip carbon dioxide  acetyl CoA acetyl CoA  removes carbon dioxideo produce many NADH and FADH  ETC- flow of electrons from carriers to oxygen- oxygen = strong guy at back end of tug o war  pull reaction to completiono Aerobic ATP production Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)- Completes the oxidation of pyruvate- Produces 3 NADH and 1 FADH and 1 GTP- NADH and FADH go to ETC- Electron transport chaino Part of oxidative phosphorylationo NADH and FADH transfer e- to ETCo Generate proton gradiento Powers ATP productiono H+ and e- flow to O2 to form H2O- Oxidation – reduction reactionso Oxidation Electron removedo Reduction Electron receivedo Usually transferred with a protono Reactions are always coupledo NADH, NAD NAD+ + 2H+ + 2e-  NADH + H+- The krebs cycleo 1st key step Reduction of NAD to NADH- Lose a co2 moleculeo Next reaction NAD becomes NADH Release co2 moleculeo In terms of net carbon, lost 2 carbons from acetyl coao Break down pyruvateo Succinyl coA  succinate Add phosphate to GDP  GTP Easy ATP for us instantlyo Succinate  fumerate FADH producedo Net: 1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH- relationship between the metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrateso fats in form of triglycerides find way into glycolysis and krebs cycle like a backbone with 3 long chains attached break backbone off as glycerol  glycolysis fatty acids  acetyl CoAo protein break down into amino acids pyruvic acid or citrate into krebso metabolism can smell this on someone’s breath – ketone bodies atkins diet really high protein, high fat, no bread- build up lots of ketoneo dieting in general – lower calories, slow krebs cycle, accumulate theseo talking about exercise primarily use glycogen or fats (small extent to protein)- CHO = 4 kcal/g; pro = 4 kcal/g; fat= 9 kcal/g- These pathways are highly regulated, influenced by hormoneso Epinephrineo Insulino Glucagono Rates of glycolysis and breakdown of fatso Muscle mass (increasing/maintaining) – cortisol & protein metabolism- Beta oxidation fatty acids pathway into the Krebs cycleo Breakdown fat into glycerol and fatty acids – not readyo Needs to be primedo Fatty acids  acetyl CoA to be used as fuel Activated by fatty acel-CoA Chop it into small 2-carbon segments These are acetyl CoAo Slowly add to krebs cycle- Book describes fatty acid in cytosolo Activated in pathway to make fatty acel coA acetyl Coao Goes through krebs to make ATPo Long carbon chains, primed by beta oxidation to make acetyl