Victoria NewburyLab Section: Tuesday 1:00Due Date: 3/14/14Grad TA: Ben HoffmanLab Report 4; Blood Pressure and Acute ResponseRESULTSTable 1. Participant CharacteristicsHeight (cm)Weight (kg)Age Gender Training StatusParticipant 1 177.8 63.5 21 Female Active 4-5 days per week, 30 mins aerobic cardio, 30 mins anaerobic resistanceParticipant 2 180.34 95.25 23 Male Moderately active – 2 times per week, intense cardio, 2 times liftingTable 2. Blood Pressure with Cold (Participant 1)Rest 1 Rest 2 Supine 1 Supine 2 Cold 5 min 10 minSBP/DBP112/78 112/76 108/74 102/70 116/71 114/70 112/75Table 3. Blood Pressure with Cold and Exercise (Participant 2)Rest 1 (mmHg)Rest 2(mmHg)Supine 1 (mmHg)Supine 2 (mmHg)Exercise (mmHg)Cold & Exercise (mmHg)SBP/DBP 123/75 127/84 120/82 120/79 128/74 140/79PP 48 43 38 41 54 61MAP 91 98.3 94.7 92.7 101 109.5Calculations:PP for Participant 2:PP = SBP – DBPRest 1:PP = 123-75 = 48Rest 2:PP = 127 – 84 = 43Supine 1:PP = 120-82 = 38Supine 2:PP = 120- 79 = 41Exercise:PP = 128 – 74 = 54Cold & Exercise :PP = 140 – 79 = 61MAP for participant 2:Rest 1MAP = [(SBP – DBP)/3] + DPB = [(123 – 75)/3] + 75 = 91Rest 2MAP = [(SBP – DBP)/3] + DPB = [(127-84)/3] + 84 = 98.3Supine 1MAP = [(SBP – DBP)/3] + DPB = [(120-82)/3] + 82 = 94.7Supine 2MAP = [(SBP – DBP)/3] + DPB = [(120-79)/3] + 79 = 92.7ExerciseMAP = [(SBP-DBP)/2] + DBP = [(128 – 74)/2] + 74 = 101Cold & ExerciseMAP = [(SBP-DBP)/2] + DBP = [(140 – 79)/2] + 79 = 109.5DISCUSSIONBlood pressure is dependent upon body position and activity level of the body. Body position is significant for blood pressure because it differs between the supine position, sitting, and standing. Crossing your legs also may impact blood pressure by increasing it (Erer, Khorshid, Gunes, & Demir, 2007). Blood pressure drops when standing as opposed to sitting or supine. Blood pressure is at its highest when in the supine position. Typical blood pressure measurements are done in the seated position with the arm supported on a level surface. The seated blood pressure differs from the supine blood pressure because of the location of the heart and angle of the legs and the upper body. Because the body is upright, gravity is able to aid the heart in sending blood to the lower extremities of the body. In the supine position, the heart is level with the rest of the body and blood pooling may occur in the lower extremities. Because of this, the heart is required to increase blood pressure in order to efficiently circulate blood through the body. Sometimes a person may experience a temporary “blackout” when standing up from a sitting or lying down position for extended periods of time. This is referred to as orthostatic hypotension. The reason for this occurring is that there is a rapid decrease in blood pressure 8-15 seconds after standing along with an increase in heart rate. Systolic blood pressure drops by at least 20 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure drops by 10 mm Hg. This normally goes away after a few seconds and the person is normally fine (Stewart & Clarke, 2012). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average pressure in the arteries and tends to be closer to the diastolic blood pressure because arterial blood pressure is only in systole about a third of the time. Mean arterial pressure is not equal to (SBP + DBP)/2 because ofthis. The arterial blood pressure spends a lot more time in diastole than systole so it is equal to [(SBP –DBP)/2]+DBP. Participant 2’s mean arterial pressure increased significantly during exercise and exercise with cold as opposed to sitting and supine. Thiscan be attributed to the fact that the systolic blood pressure increases significantly during exercise in order to keep up with the increased demands of the body. Diastolic blood pressure does not change significantly during exercise, despite intensity. Systolic blood pressure changes because of the physiological mechanisms of the heart to increase blood output and will increase more with higher intensities. Typically systolic blood pressure increases by 10-15 mmHg for every 300 kg-m/min. The differences in mean arterial pressure between sitting and supine are hard to distinguish with the data we obtained because it is not very consistent. I would assume that normally the mean arterial pressure would be higher in the supine position than sitting as blood pressure is higher in supine position. Blood pressure in the sitting position is significantly lower than blood pressure during exercise. Both participants tested their blood pressure after the cold pressor test (participant1 performed the test during exercise). In both cases, their blood pressure increased. Thiswas expected because the cold ice water causes a sympathetic response by the body. Thesympathetic response entails the excitation of target organs (heart and cardiovascularsystem). It will cause an increase in cardiac output and constrict vessels in order to retainheat in the body. Because the vessels are restricted, there is higher blood pressure in thebody. After the Cold Pressor test, blood pressure took several minutes to return to normal.Participant 1’s blood pressure returned to normal after about five minutes. I did notexpect this, I expected their blood pressure to return to normal at a faster rate than it did.The physiological reasoning for this is that it takes several minutes for the body to stopreleasing vessel constricting hormones and to vasodilate the vessels. The hand alsoremains cold for several minutes after removing it from the ice water so the body stillmay have constricted blood vessels to the temperature of the hand returns to normallevels.There were a few errors that occurred during the lab, such as difficulty hearing theKorotkoff sounds and faulty equipment. Because it was fairly loud in the room, we had todo several attempts to take the blood pressure of the participants. The stethoscope we used was also faulty as one of the pieces kept falling off and we had to attempt to record their blood pressure again. ResourcesEser, I., Khorshid, L., Gunes, U. Y., & Demir, Y. (2007). The effect of different body positions on blood pressure. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16(1), 137-140.Stewart, J. M. & Clarke, D. (2012). “He’s dizzy when he stands up.” An introduction to initial orthostatic hypotension. The Journal of Pediatrics, 158(3),