2/6/14 kin 470 class notes- Aerobic ATP Tally from glucoseo Want to get as much ATP as possible from moleculeo Glucose glycolyis = 2 ATP, also 2 NADH molecules (2.5 ATP per NADH molecule)o End of glycolysis – pyruvate/pyruvic acid acetyl CoA = 2 NADH (2.5 ATP per molecule)o Acetyl CoA Kreb’s cycle (2 revolutions) Per cycle:- 1 GTP- 3 NADH- 1 FADH (1.5 ATP per molecule) total:- 2 GTP- 6 NADH- 2 FADHo grand total: 32 - Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylationo Efficiency = energy out / energy in (%)o Aerobic metabolism of one glucose molecule Yields 32 ATPo Only 34%!o 66% is lost as heat (32 moles ATP/mole glucose * 7.3 kcal/mole ATP) / 686 kcal/mole glucose- Control of Bioergeticso Rate limiting enzymes An enzyme that regulates the rate of a metabolic pathway Generally near the beginning of a pathwayo Levels of ATP and ADP + P determine when ATP is made and when its not- Action of rate limiting enzymeso Product will inhibit one of the first enzymes so as to not create too much of the producto Don’t need a TON of ATP, only to sustain life- Control of Metabolic Pathwayso ATP-PC Enzyme - Creating kinase Stimulator – ADP Inhibitor – ATP Donate phosphate to ADP to create ATPo Glycolysis Enzyme – PFK Stimulator – AMP, ADP, Pi, increase pH Inhibitor – ATP, decrease pH, citrate Glucose pyruvateo Kreb’s cycle Enzymes – isocitrate dehydrogenase Stimulator – ADP, Ca2+, NAD Inhibitor – ATP, NADHo ETC Enzymes – cytochrome oxidase Stimulator – ADP, Pi Inhibitor – ATP- Interaction between aerobic and anaerobic ATP Productiono Energy to perform exercise comes from an interaction between aerobic and anaerobic pathwayso Effect of duration and intensity Short term, high intensity activies- Sources of energy for various sportso What activities are aerobic/anaerobic…o Weight lifting – anaerobic o Running a marathon – Aerobico Boxing/skating/200m swim – somewhat in betweeno Rare for any one activity to be 100% aerobic, there is usually a small amount of anaerobic activity and visa versa- Chapter 4o Energy requirements at rest Almost 100% of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism Blood lactate levels are low (<1.0 mmol/L) Resting O2 consumption:- 3.5 ml/kg/min- 1500 kcal/day- .52 L/min- rest to exercise transitionso ATP production increases immediatelyo Oxygen uptake increases rapidly Steady state take 1-4 mins Steady state ATP requirement ~ aerobic ATP production- The oxygen deficito Someone runs/on bike, hooked to oxygen systemo Breathing into mask, into tubeo Everything you breath out is analyzedo Measure O2 intake as they go from rest to exerciseo O2 intake curves up, they eventually hit a steady state Energy demand= energy supply Oxygen consumption = energy needs of task Submaximal, constant load exercise- Comparison of trained and untrained subjectso Trained individuals start aerobic processes earlier – more efficient useof oxygen Better developed aerobic capacity Cardiovascular/Muscular adaptationso Less lactic acid for trained individuals- Recovery from exerciseo Oxygen uptake remains elevatedo Oxygen debt Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise (AV Hill) Rapid phase- 2-3 mins Slow phase- Up to 30 mins- Oxygen debto Rapid portion Resynthesize stored PC Replenish muscle and blood oxygen storeso Slow portion Elevated HR and increased breathing (increase energy needed) Elevated body temp and increased metabolic rate Elevated epinephrineand norepinephrine – increase metabolic rate Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)- Image from textbooko O2 debt – EPOC (post exercise oxygen consumption Resynthesize PC in muscle Lactate conversion into glucose Restore oxygen in blood & muscle Elevated body temp Post exercise elevation of HR and breathing Elevated hormones- Oxygen debt changes between light and heavy exerciseo Heavy exercise – larger deficit- Blood lactate removal following strenuous exerciseo Do a cool down – this will help lower blood lactate levelso Light exercise will lower this amount significantly- Short term intense exerciseo High intensity short term (2-20 secs) ATP production by ATP-PCo High intensity exercise > 20 s ATP production via anaerobic glycolysiso High intensity exercise > 45 s Atp production by ATP-PC, glycolysis, and aerobic systemso Note: all energy systems used at all times!- Prolonged exerciseo Exercise> 10 mins Atp production primarily from aerobic metabolism Steady state oxygen uptake can generally be maintainedo Prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment or at high intensity Steady state not achieved or not
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