EXSC%223:%Week%of%8/22/16%%Notes%from%the%textbook%Ch.%1.1-1.4%1.1 Form'(anatomy)'determines'function'(physiology)'• Internal'anatomy'can'vary'but'90%'matches'the'textbook'• Types'of'anatomy'o Gross/macroscopic:'large'body'structures,'visible'to'the'naked'eye'§ Regional:'all'of'the'structures'in'the'same'region'are'examined'§ Systemic:'anatomy'is'studied'by'system'§ Surface:'internal'structures'studied'in'relation'to'surface'skin'o Microscopic:'too'small'to'be'seen'by'the'naked'eye'§ Cytology:'cells'§ Histology:'tissues''1.2 The'body’s'organization'ranges'from'atoms'to'entire'organism'• Atomsàmoleculesàorganellesàcellsàtissueàorgansàorgan'systemàorganism'• Tissues='groups'of'similar'cells'with'common'function''o Four'main'types'1. Epithelium:'cover'surfaces,'line'cavities'2. Muscle:'movement'3. Connective'tissue:'supports'and'protects'organs'4. Nervous'tissue:'transmits'electrical'impulses'• Organ='composed'of'at'least'two'tissue'types'(usually'four)'• Organ'system='organs'working'together'for'a'common'purpose'• Organism='highest'level'of'organization''1.3 What'are'the'requirements'for'life?'• Cells'are'dependent'on'one'anotheràhumans'are'multicellular'so'the'individual'cells'must'work'together'• Requirements'o Maintain'boundaries:'keep'internal'separate'from'external'§ Skin'(integumentary'system)'o Movement:'contraction'of'muscles'attached'to'skeletal'system'o Responsiveness/excitability:'interpret'stimuli'and'sense'changes'o Digestion:'break'down'ingested'foods'o Metabolism:'all'chemical'reactions'in'cells'o Excretion:'removing'wastes'o Reproduction'o Growth'• Survival'needs'o Nutrients'o Oxygen'o Water'o Appropriate'temperature'o Appropriate'atmospheric'pressure''1.4 Homeostasis'is'maintained'by'negative'feedback'• Homeostasis:'body’s'ability'to'maintain'stable'internal'conditions'despite'changing'external'conditions'o Dynamic'state'of'equilibrium''Lecture%Notes%on%8/22/16%4'essential'concepts'in'physiology:'1. principles'of'complementarity'a. anatomy'and'physiology'are'interdependent'2. Physiology'uses'gradients'a. Blood'flows'with'a'pressure'gradient'b. Cells'maintain'ion'concentration'with'a'gradient'3. Regulate'protein'function'by'regulating'its'shape'a. Type'of'amino'acids'bonded'together'determines'its'shape'b. Proteins'can'be'made'active'or'inactive'by'changing'the'shape'4. Negative'feedback'regulation'is'essential'to'homeostasis'****these%4%concepts%will%be%used%throughout%the%course****%'Organization'of'organisms%Level%Example%Structure%Chemical'level'Oxygen'Atoms''O2'Molecules'Cellular'level'Nuclei,'ribosomes,'golgi'Organelles''Smooth'muscle'cell'Cell'Tissue'level'Smooth'muscle'tissue'Tissue'Organ'level'Blood'vessel'(made'up'of'3'tissues:'epithelial,'smooth'muscle,'and'connective)'Organ'Organ'system'level'Cardiovascular'system'(made'up'of'organs:'heart'and'blood'vessels)'Organ'system'Organism'level'Human'(made'up'of'many'organ'systems)'organism''• Anatomy:'structure'of'body'parts'and'their'relationship'to'one'another'o Macro'§ Gross:'study'of'large'structures'(heart,'lungs,'etc.)'§ Surface:'internal'body'structures'as'they'relate'to'skin'• Ex:'When'a'muscular'person'flexes,'you'can'point'to'the'different'muscles'and'identify'them'o Micro'§ Cytology:'cell'level'§ Histology:'tissue'level'o Developmental''§ Embryology'• Physiology:'function'of'living'systems'(think:'HOW'do'they'work?)'o Explainable'by'anatomy'• 11'systems'(2'or'more'organs'that'work'together'for'a'specific'function):'o skeletal'o muscular'o digestive'o integumentary'o reproductive'o nervous'o endocrine'o cardiovascular'o respiratory'o lymphatic'o renal'• function'depends'on'structure'o ex:'red'blood'cells''§ have'no'nucleus,'Golgi,'etc.''§ do'have'the'protein'hemoglobin'which'helps'transport'oxygen'§ function:'transport'oxygen'throughout'the'body'§ the'anatomy'corresponds'to'function'because'the'cells'do'not'want'to'use'up'the'oxygen'it'is'trying'to'transport'by'supporting'many'organelles'• unique'characteristics'of'living'things'o maintain'boundaries'§ skin'keeps'dirt'and'bacteria'out'o movement'§ muscle'§ skeletal'o responsive'§ sensory'input'§ stimuli'o digestion'§ food'• mechanical:'chewing'• chemical:'stomach'acid'§ cellular'• macrophages'(big'eaters):'digest'things'in'the'body'o metabolism'§ sum'of'all'chemical'reactions'§ catabolism-break'down'§ anabolism-build'o excretion'§ cellular'level'or'organism'level'§ elimination'of'waste'• defecating'• urinating'§ exhaling'CO2'(metabolic'byproduct)'o growth'o reproduction'§ procreation'§ cellularàmitosis'• Homeostasis:'a'dynamic'state'of'equilibrium'which'maintains'a'relatively'constant'internal'environment'o Ideal'state'of'being'o Continuously'working'to'restore/maintain'homeostasis'o Ex:'go'outside'in'the'sunàget'hotàsweatàcool'off'o Lack'of'consistency'in'the'internal'environment'leads'to'a'disease'state'• How'does'the'body'maintain'homeostasis?'o NEGATIVE'feedback'(rarely'positive'feedback)'§ Whole'point'of'a'negative'feedback'system'is'to'reduce/eliminate'the'stimulus'§ Negative'feedback'systems'are'self-limiting'1. Stimulus:'go'in'the'sun'2. Receptor:'detect'an'increase'in'temperature'**afferent'pathway**'3. Input:'message'sent'to'control'center'(brain'and'spinal'cord)'**efferent'pathway**'4. Output:'gland'activated'5. Response:'sweat'o Positive'feedback'control'§ Instead'of'reducing'the'stimulus,'it'is'amplified'(the'more,'the'better)'§ Goal:'to'magnify'or'increase'the'stimulus'§ It'is'self-sustaining/self-perpetuating'§ Only'2'examples'(any'other'responses'are'negative'feedback!!!!!!)'• Activation'of'platelets'1. Break/tear'in'blood'vessel'wall'*pos.'feedback'initiated*'2. platelets'secrete'chemicals'3. activates'more'platelets'which'secrete'more'chemicals'4. platelets'seal'the'tear'****We%don’t%know%what%shuts%down%positive%feedback%cycles****'' ' ' ' ' '• Delivering'a'baby'1. Contraction'2. Oxytocin'released'3. Stronger'contraction'4. More'oxytocin'released'5. Etc………'6. Baby'comes'out''Notes%from%the%textbook%Ch.%2.6,%2.8-2.12%2.6'Inorganic'conpounds'include'water,'salts,'and'many'acids'and'bases'• Organic=has'carbon'• Inorganic=no'carbon'o Ex/'water,'salts,'many'acids'and'bases'• Water'o Most'abundant'inorganic'compound''§ 60-80%'of'volume'of'most'living'cells'o
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