CH 24What is a nutrient?A substance in food that is used by the body to promote growth, maintenance, and repair What are macronutrients and give examples of a few?Nutrients that make up a bulk of what we eatEx/. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, etc…What are micronutrients?Equally important as macronutrients, but only needed in small quantities What are essential nutrients? And give examples.Nutrients the body needs and uses but the body cannot produce fast enough so we get the primarily through food Ex/. Iron, calcium, vitaminsWhy does the body need insoluble and soluble fiber?Insoluble fiber promotes digestion health Soluble fiber reduces blood cholesterol Give a brief explaination of metabolismA variety of biochemical processes that occur inside cells and involves nutrients “Make something, break something or both”What is anabolism? Example?Creating a larger molecule from smaller moleculesEx/. Amino acid chain growth to make proteinsWhat is Catabolism? Example?Breakdown of complex structures into smaller ones Ex/. Hydrolysis of glucoseWhat is cellular respiration?Breakdown of food (Catabolism) to form ATP in cells (Anabolism)What are 3 Macronutrients that produce energy for the body? Where do they come from?Amino acids < Proteins , Glucose < Carbohydrates , Triglycerides < LipidsBreifly explain oxidation and give examplesLoss of electrons and hydrogens (Protons) to gain oxygenEx/. Rusting of metal, burning of woodExplain reduction (Redox)Losing oxygen and gaining hydrogens and electrons What are dehydrogenases?Enzymes that catalyze the removal of hydrogens and electrons in redo reactionsWhat are oxidases?Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of oxygen in redox reactions How are coemzymes used in redox reactions? What is their purpose?The dehydrogenase and oxidase enzymes cannot accept the hydrogens and electrons they remove so coenzymes act as hydrogen and electron acceptorsEx/. NAD and FADWhat is the functions of NAD and FAD?To carry hydrogens and electrons from one stage of metabolism to another Ex/. Glycolysis > ETCNam the 2 processes by which ATP is generated Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation Briefly explain oxidative phosphorylation.Found in the intramembrane of the mitochondria during ETC, protons from the matrix arepumped into the intramembrane by proton pumps I, III, and IV. This creates a proton gradient that ATP synthase uses to create ATP from ADP and PIBriefly explain Substrate level phosphorylation A Pi molecule joins an ADP molecule directly from a phosphorylated substrate and formsan ATP. Occurs in the cytosol, only produces small amounts of ATP at a timeWhat is carbohydrate metabolism?The anaerobic break down of glucoseAdvantages and disadvantages of the carbohydrate metabolism are?It’s a very fast process but it lows the pH, thus effecting the enzymes needed for other reactionsWhat are the advantages and dis advantages of the oxidation of glucose?It has no effect on pH and produces a large amount of ATP but it is a very slow processWhat are the 3 pathways for oxidizing glucose?Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and ETCExplain glycolysisThe uptake of glucose is induced by exercise or the introduction of insulin. Glut transports glucose across the cell membrane. It is the phosphorylated on the 6th carbon by hexokinase, using an ATP, to stop glucose from exiting the cell. Phospho-Fructo-Kinase (PFK) then phosphorylates the 1st carbon, using another ATP. The Glucose-6-Phosphate is the split into half and the halves become G3P. Dehydrogenase strips a hydrogen off the G3P and places I on an NAD creating NADH. The phosphate group from the G3P is taken by an ADP creating an ATP by way of Substrate level Phosphorylation. A free Pi then rebinds to the 3 carbon molecule and is again stripped of same as before creating another ATP. Left with the 3 Carbon molecule pyruvate. What is the total Gross and Net payoff of glycolysis 2 NADH and 4 Gross ATP, (2 Net)What is the slowest step in glycolysis?The phosphorylation of the 1t carbon by PFKWhat is the effect of having no NAD?Glycolysis cannot continue so no ATP can be produced Where does the Kreb’s cycle take place?The Matrix of the Mitochondria Explain the Kreb’s cycle Pyruvate from glycolysis is shuttled the matrix of the mitochondria where it is acted uponby dehydrogenase producing NADH and CO2 converting the pyruvate into AcytleCoA (2C). AcytleCoA (2C) is combined with oxeloactitate (4C) and becomes citrate (6C). Though a series of steps Citrate is stripped of Carbons, protons, and electrons; producing 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH, 1 ATP (Substrate level phosphorylation) and oxeloacitate to be combined another AcytleCoA and run through for an endless eternity…… #DEEPWhat happens if youre running low on Oxelocitiate?The Kreb’s cycle slows dramaticallyExplain the electron transport chain.Complex I is a dehydrogenase so NADH gets recycled into NAD by the removal of the hydrogen and electron. The electron causes the complex to change shape, which will cause the hydrogen to get pumped from the matrix into the inter membrane space. The electron will carry over to complex III and IV, which will both pump H+ into the inter membrane space. A proton gradient has formed so ATP synthase can then attach a phosphate to ADP to form ATP.FADH interacts with complex II (attached to complex I) and it pumps a hydrogen for every FADH that encounters the ETC. So FADH and NADH are similar, but they have different energy potentials. NADH creates 2.5 ATP FADH creates 1.5 ATPWhat are fats?The body's most concentrated source of energy, excess stored as triglycerides What does glycerol enter glycolysis as?G3PWhat is beta oxidation?The initial phase of fatty acid oxidation where two carbon fragments get broken apart producing AcytelCoA and an NADH and an FADHWhat are the differences between the glycerol and fatty acids in lipid metabolism?Glycerol goes to glycolysis to produce 1 NADH and 2 ATP per one G3PFatty acids go to beta oxidation, which produces NADH, FADH, and a lot of Acetyl CoAWhat is glycogenesis?The process of combining glucose molecules by glycogen syntheses to form glycogen when there is a high level of ATP in the What is Glycogenolysis?The breakdown of glycogen by the glycogen phosphorylase in response to high energy demand or low blood glucoseWhat is glycogen? Where do we mainly store glycogen?It is a highly branched storage form of glucose, stored in the liver and skeletal musclesWhat is glucagon's