Test Bank forChapter 26: Evolutionary GeneticsMultiple-Choice QuestionsTest Bank forChapter 26: Evolutionary Genetics Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Support for evolution is found in all of the lines of evidence excepta. comparative anatomy.b. the fossil record.c. the distributions of species (biogeography).d. direct observation such as the evolution of pesticide resistance.e. None of the above—all provide evidence for evolution.Answer: eSection 26.1Comprehension2. Evolution can be defined as _________________ change that takes place in a(n) _______________.a. any; individualb. a genetic; individualc. any; group of organismsd. a genetic; group of organismse. All of the aboveAnswer: dSection 26.1Comprehension3. Of the various evolutionary forces, ________________ is responsible for the origin of new genetic variation in a species.a. natural selectionb. genetic driftc. mutationd. migratione. nonrandom matingAnswer: cSection 26.1Comprehension4. ______ is the splitting of one lineage into two.a. Genesisb. Anagenesisc. Phylogenesisd. Cladogenesis e. NeogenesisAnswer: dSection 26.1Comprehension5. Before the advent of molecular techniques, researchers indirectly assessed genetic variation in populations through the study of ____________ diversity.a. proteinb. phenotypicc. mutationald. anagenice. fossilAnswer: cSection 26.2Comprehension6. Considering the strengths and weaknesses of molecular data, one could argue all of the following EXCEPTa. molecular methods can be used in all organisms since they all have proteins and DNA.b. molecular data are not easily quantifiable, making analysis somewhat subjective.c. molecular methods can access a large amount of data.d. molecular data can provide direct information on the process of evolution.e. molecular variation is clear and interpretable, even if the relationship between some traitsand their underlying genes is complex.Answer: bSection 26.2Comprehension7. Which of the following markers is NOT used to investigate genetic variation in natural populations?a. DNA sequenceb. RFLPc. Microsatellited. Isotopee. AllozymeAnswer: dSection 26.2Comprehension8. The neutral-mutation hypothesis suggests all of the following EXCEPTa. the evolution of most genetic variation in a population is influenced by genetic drift.b. when natural selection is at work on protein variants, it will lead to little variation in the population.c. most molecular variation is adaptively neutral—for example, most protein variants are functionally equivalent.d. natural selection is still an important evolutionary force.e. genetic variation in a population is maintained mainly by natural selection.Answer: eSection 26.2Application9. The balance hypothesis suggests all of the following EXCEPTa. genetic variation in a population is mostly maintained by natural selection.b. overdominance is one type of natural selection favoring the maintenance of genetic variation.c. most molecular variants are not functionally equivalent.d. levels of genetic variation are increased by the role of natural selection.e. genetic drift and mutation are both important in determining levels of genetic variation within a population.Answer: eSection 26.2Application10. In most cases, different species are distinguished on the basis ofa. genetic differences.b. phenotypic differences.c. time since anagenesis.d. the absence of reproductive isolating mechanisms.e. differences in ploidy level.Answer: bSection 26.3Comprehension11. The __________________ concept defines a species as a group of organisms that are capableof exchanging genes.a. morphospeciesb. phylogenetic species c. biological species d. cladogenic species e. evolutionary species Answer: cSection 26.3Comprehension12. ______ is best known for developing the concept of biological species.a. Lewontinb. Darwinc. Mayrd. Fisher e. BushAnswer: cSection 26.3Comprehension13. Problems with using the biological species concept include all of the following EXCEPTa. it is sometimes difficult to determine if reproductive isolation exists.b. reproductive isolation does not apply to asexual organisms.c. the concept of reproductive isolation does not work for fossils.d. reproductive isolation is not a mechanism that ensures that species are evolving independently.e. None of the aboveAnswer: dSection 26.3Comprehension14. A variation on the _________________ model of speciation is when a small group of individuals colonizes an island.a. autocraticb. allopatricc. sympatric d. parapatric e. peripatricAnswer: bSection 26.3Comprehension15. __________ speciation arises in the absence of any geographic barrier to gene flow.a. Autocraticb. Allopatricc. Sympatric d. Parapatric e. PeripatricAnswer: cSection 26.3Comprehension16. ______________ is the idea that, if postzygotic isolating mechanisms exist between two species, then natural selection will favor traits that lead to the evolution of prezygotic isolating mechanisms.a. Hybrid breakdownb. Reinforcementc. Gametic isolationd. Phylogenetic speciese. Hybrid inviabilityAnswer: bSection 26.3Comprehension17. All of the following are examples of prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms EXCEPTa. a cat trying to mate with a lion.b. a male fiddler crab waving its claw to attract a mate.c. the hybrid offspring of two species dying before birth.d. fireflies flashing their light-emitting organs.e. two plant species flowering at different times.Answer: cSection 26.3Application18. All of the following are examples of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms EXCEPTa. a sheep adapted to mountains mating with a sheep adapted to desert producing offspring maladapted to either habitat.b. two plant species flowering at different times.c. the hybrid offspring of two species dying before birth.d. the hybrid offspring of two species being sterile.e. the hybrid offspring of two species being fertile but their offspring being inviable or sterile.Answer: bSection 26.3Application19. _________________ represent the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.a. Alignmentsb. Nodesc. Synonymous rates of substitutiond. Phylogenetic treese. Species conceptsAnswer: dSection 26.4Comprehension20. The construction of a phylogeny from DNA sequence data requiresa. the identification of monophyletic groups prior to analysis.b. a proper alignment of nucleotide bases from homologous genes.c. the use of the fossil record to calibrate rates of nucleotide substitution.d. removing any sequences with insertions or deletions from the analysis.e.