Psych 1315 1st Edition Exam 4 Study Guide Lectures 28 34 Chapter 13 What do psychologists study How people think about influence and relate to other people Social Cognition Select interpret remember use info Expectations memories attitudes Person Perceptions Judge a book by its cover first impressions Self fulfilling prophecy When you believe something will happen and keep saying it will it eventually will happen not because it was going to happen but because it was by choice ex Tell your kid not to drink goes to friends and comes home and assume he has been drinking even though he most likely hasn t been drinking this keeps repeating until eventually he actually does drink which in this case you tell him I told you Attribution Theory Understand why people do what they do Interval vs External When talking fast Internal characteristics part of your personality External Live up NorthEast that s where they are from people talk fast bc they have things to get done Stable vs Unstable Yelling at a student Stable Happens all the time so its common Unstable Never did it before something must be going on w her for her to be acting like that Controllable vs Uncontrollable Gaining weight Controllable Haven t been eating healthy or going to the gym as much on days off Uncontrollable Broke leg and cant go to the gym Fundamental Attribution Error Believe its an internal factor instead of a external Ex In a turning lane someone cuts you off fast and turns what do you think of this person That they are rude and mean and impatient and jerks and horrible people This is Internal However what if you were the one driving to the hospital to move over to next lane have to get into lane fast it was necessary and had to do it This is external Actor Observer Act When comparing an action and it dealing with you you will use the external side bc you had to get someone to the hospital bc it was an emergency but when it is dealing with someone else you will use the internal because they are mean Self serving bias Ex Took exam got an A because you studied got an F on an exam because teachers suck grading sucks If its poor outcome its because of the EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT but if its something good its because of the INTERNAL ENVIROMENT because its something you did The False Consensus Effect Look at our own response to measure the rest How many intro to psych studentgs want to be psych majors if youre a psych major than youre more likely to think everyone is a psych major but if youre not a psych major youll think people are just taking it to fulfill a pre req The Self as a Social Object Self esteem pos neg attitude about themselves Positive illusions Think ourself as above average Im better than most people on so so Self serving bias Self objectification See oneself as an object in the eyes of others ex Women wear a sweater others a bikini and take a math test The women wearing the sweater did better The bikini women thought they were being objectified so they did better Stereotype Threat Judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about a group Social Comparison Evaluate their thoughts feelings and abilities with other people Downward comparison Oh this is not what I was expecting but at least my life isn t as bad as the kid who beat people up he isn t at my level Upward Comparison Win silver what did someone do to get gold what do I need to do to get gold Attitudes Opinions belief about people objects and ideas Affective feelings Behavioral predisposition to act Cognitive Knowledge Behaviors Bad attitude for teacher upset so you don t go to class complain and bad evaluation Cognitive Always being late hard tests doesn t respond to emails How to change people s attitudes Communicator Source trustworthy credible powerful Message Foot in the door vs Door in the face The medium Television vs Newspaper The target audience Age and attitude Persuasion Central deep Focus on message Peripheral surface Attractiveness or emotional appeals unmotivated Altruism unselfish Egosim Gain self esteem by giving to someone to seem powerful or caring Empathy When we can relate to someone Bystander Effect Don t help others when other people are there Diffusion of Responsibility Assuming that others already or will help Aggression Biological influences genetics Psychological influences circumstances Sociocultural factors media Conformity Change your persona because of who you are with Informational social influence influenced by others bc we wanna be right Normative social influence Influenced by others bc we want to be liked and approved of Deindividuation Part of a group loses personality because of who u are around Less accountable for actions Zimbardo Study Study where they separate the guards with the prisoners but they were normal people and ended up taking the characteristics Social Contagion Spread of behavior you yawn I yawn Social facilitation HELPS Improvement bc someone is here Social Interference Doesn t help Performance is impaired bc of people being present Social Loafing Taking advantage of being in a group Put less effort Group polarization You have a back up on your opinion Moral support Group think Tries to keep the peace so doesn t speak mind Don t make a big deal We want to be apart of the group but keep opinions to ourselves if it goes against the groups Chapter 15 Abnormal Behavior Behavior that Deviates from what is acceptable in a culture Interferes with a person s ability to function effectively in the world Creates unrelenting distress for a prolonged time Insanity Legal not psychological concept The inability to understand that certain actions are wrong in a legal or moral sense at the time of a crime Claimed less than 1 of trials Successful 26 of the time Medical Model for diagnosis Describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin Structural view Abnormalities in the brain Biochemical view Neurotransmitter or hormone imbalances Genetic view Disordered genes Labeling effects Langer Albelson 1974 Professional therapists Watched video of a man describing adjustment problems Told he was a mental patient or a job applicant Rosenhan Study Researchers arrived at different psychiatric facilities Complained of hearing voices to get admitted Stopped the symptoms once admitted Staff continued to treat as patients and view normal actions as symptomatic of the disorder The DSM IV Used for diagnosis and classification Five Axes Clinical Personality Medical Psychosocial Global Assessment