Psych 1315 1st EditionExam #4 Study Guide Lectures: 28 - 34Chapter 13What do psychologists study?-How people think about, influence, and relate to other peopleSocial Cognition-Select, interpret, remember, use info -Expectations, memories, attitudesPerson Perceptions-“Judge a book by its cover” first impressionsSelf-fulfilling prophecy-When you believe something will happen and keep saying it will, it eventually will happen not because it was going to happen but because it was by choice-ex: Tell your kid not to drink, goes to friends and comes home, and assume he has been drinking, even though he most likely hasn’t been drinking, this keeps repeating until eventually he actually does drink which in this case you tell him “I told you!!”Attribution Theory-Understand why people do what they do -Interval vs External: When talking fast: Internal (characteristics, part of your personality) External (Live up NorthEast, that’s where they are from, people talk fast bc they have things to get done)-Stable vs Unstable: Yelling at a student: Stable (Happens all the time, so its common) Unstable (Never did it before, something must be going on w her for her to be acting like that)-Controllable vs Uncontrollable: Gaining weight: Controllable (Haven’t been eating healthy, or going to the gym as much on days off) Uncontrollable (Broke leg and cant go to the gym)Fundamental Attribution Error-Believe its an internal factor instead of a external -Ex: In a turning lane, someone cuts you off fast and turns, what do you think of this person? That they are rude and mean and impatient and jerks and horrible people. This is Internal However, what if you were the one driving to the hospital to move over to next lane, have to getinto lane fast –it was necessary and had to do it. This is externalActor-Observer Act-When comparing an action and it dealing with you, you will use the external side (bc you had to get someone to the hospital bc it was an emergency) but when it is dealing with someone else you will use the internal (because they are mean) -Self serving bias -Ex: Took exam got an A because you studied, got an F on an exam because teachers suck, grading sucks-If its poor outcome its because of the EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT but if its something good its because of the INTERNAL ENVIROMENT because its something you didThe False Consensus Effect -Look at our own response to measure the rest -“How many intro to psych studentgs want to be psych majors”, if youre a psych major than youre more likely to think everyone is a psych major but if youre not a psych major, youll think people are just taking it to fulfill a pre req. The Self as a Social Object-Self esteem: pos/neg attitude about themselves -Positive illusions: Think ourself as above average “Im better than most people on so so”-Self serving bias-Self objectification: See oneself as an object in the eyes of others -ex: Women wear a sweater, others a bikini, and take a math test. The women wearing the sweater did better. The bikini women thought they were being objectified so they did better.-Stereotype Threat: Judged on the basis of a negative stereotype about a group-Social Comparison: Evaluate their thoughts, feelings, and abilities with other people -Downward comparison: “Oh this is not what I was expecting, but at least my life isn’t as bad as the kid who beat people up, he isn’t at my level”-Upward Comparison: “Win silver, what did someone do to get gold, what do I need to do to getgold” Attitudes-Opinions, belief about people, objects, and ideas -Affective-feelings, Behavioral-predisposition to act, Cognitive- Knowledge -Behaviors: Bad attitude for teacher, upset so you don’t go to class, complain, and bad evaluation -Cognitive: Always being late, hard tests, doesn’t respond to emails How to change people’s attitudes?-Communicator: Source, trustworthy, credible, powerful-Message: Foot in the door vs Door in the face -The medium: Television vs Newspaper-The target (audience): Age and attitude Persuasion-Central (deep): Focus on message -Peripheral (surface): Attractiveness or emotional appeals, unmotivated Altruism-unselfish Egosim-Gain self esteem by giving to someone, to seem powerful or caringEmpathy-When we can relate to someoneBystander Effect:-Don’t help others when other people are there Diffusion of Responsibility-Assuming that others already or will help Aggression-Biological influences: (genetics) -Psychological influences: (circumstances)-Sociocultural factors: (media)Conformity-Change your persona because of who you are with -Informational social influence: influenced by others bc we wanna be right -Normative social influence: Influenced by others bc we want to be liked and approved of Deindividuation-Part of a group, loses personality because of who u are around -Less accountable for actionsZimbardo Study-Study where they separate the guards with the prisoners but they were normal people and ended up taking the characteristics Social Contagion-Spread of behavior, you yawn, I yawnSocial facilitation (HELPS)-Improvement bc someone is here Social Interference (Doesn’t help)-Performance is impaired bc of people being present Social Loafing-Taking advantage of being in a group -Put less effort Group polarization-You have a back up on your opinion-Moral supportGroup think-Tries to keep the peace, so doesn’t speak mind-Don’t make a big deal -We want to be apart of the group, but keep opinions to ourselves if it goes against the groups Chapter 15 Abnormal Behavior • Behavior that:– Deviates from what is acceptable in a culture – Interferes with a person’s ability to function effectively in the world – Creates unrelenting distress for a prolonged time Insanity - • Legal, not psychological, concept - • The inability to understand that certain actions are wrong, in a legalor moral sense, at the time of a crime - • Claimed less than 1% of trials - • Successful .26% of the time - Medical Model for diagnosis- • Describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin - – Structural view: Abnormalities in the brain – Biochemical view: Neurotransmitter or - hormone imbalances– Genetic view: Disordered genes Labeling effects - • Langer & Albelson (1974) - • Professional therapists - • Watched video of a man describing adjustment problems - • Told he was a ‘mental patient’ or a ‘job applicant’ Rosenhan Study - • Researchers arrived at