PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 24Last LectureMotivation and emotion Current Lecture Gender, sex, equality Biological, social, cognitive, influences on gender • Biological Influences– Gender: social dimension of being female or male - • Gender role: set of expecta;ons prescribing how females and males should act, feel, and think - • Gender typing: process by which children acquire thoughts, behaviors, and feelings culturally appropriate for their gender – Sex: designates the biological aspects of being female or male Defining Gender Social and Psychological Aspects of Being Female or Male Gender Identity - • masculinity (instrumentality) - • femininity (expressiveness) - • androgyny (both) Defining Sex Properties that Determine Sex as Male or Female – 23rd pair of chromosomes: XY or XX - – gonads (ovaries, testes) - – gonadal hormones: estrogens or androgens- – internal reproductive structures - – external genitalia - – secondary sex characteristics (at puberty) Sexual Development • Embryonic Development of Gonads and Genitalia – SRY gene → testes →androgens → male physiology – female is “default” condition • Gender Differences in Regards to the Brain – size of brain parts - – function of brain parts - – corresponding cognitive function - – which part of brain involved in particular behaviors • Disorders of Sexual Development - – congenitally atypical chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical development - – questions of relation of DSD to gender development • Transgender Experience – Gender Identity Disorder • not considered a disorder in France or Great Britain • gender dysphoria• sex reassignment surgery Gender Development • Biological Accounts – behavioral difference in newborns and infants • Preferences for toys: boys – more ;me observing toys; girls – spent more ;me looking at faces • Evolutionary Accounts– selection pressures for gendered behaviors • competition for mate (usually by male) • preferences/choice for quality mate (usually by female)• reproductive challenges: quality v. quantity • Social Cognitive Accounts – experience influences sense of gender – socialization (rewards, punishments, modeling) – gender schema (mental framework) • Social Role Theory – division of labor• natural differences become expected/ valued differences• gender roles and gender
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