PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 16 Last Lecture State of consciousness Current Lecture Learning What is learning A relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience Behaviorism Theory of learning that focuses only on observable acts Types of learning Associative learning Whenaconnectionbetween2eventsismade E g JAWS music smell sour milk gross taste Observational learning Learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another s behavior E g basketball hoola hooping Classical conditioning A neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response Steps of classical conditioning Novel stimuli NS Unconditioned stimuli UCS Automatically leads to a response Unconditioned response UCR Response from UCS that happens automatically Conditioning Conditioned stimuli CS response CR Response from CS in anticipation of US Conditioned Components of classical conditioning Acquisition the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus US and conditioned stimulus CS when these two stimuli are paired The timing interval between the CS and US determines the contiguity in time and space Conditioned responses are learned best when the CS and US occur close together Not only must there be contiguity but there also must be contingency which is the predictability of the occurrence of one stimulus from the presence of another stimulus Once the association between the CS and US has been formed the meaning of the CS changes This once arbitrary object now has meaning or is motivational In animal learning studies some have shown that the CS is even more powerful than the US it signals This high level of attachment to the CS is known as sign tracking Generalization and discrimination Generalization occurs when a new stimulus that is similar to the original stimulus elicits a response that is similar to the CR Discrimination is learning to respond to certain stimuli while not responding to others Extinction The weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the US Spontaneous recovery CR comes back after a time lapse Stimulus Generalization Responding to a similar stimulus according to your conditioning Example LittleAlbertshowedthefearresponsetoarabbit fur coat Santa mask package of cotton etc Operant Conditioning Associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior s occurrence E g learningthatshowinguptoclass leadsto getting a better grade Thorndikes Law of Effect Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened Behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened Clarification Reinforcement vs Punishment Positive vs Negative Positive addingsomething Negative takingsomethingaway Reinforcement Consequences that INCREASE the likelihood of responding a certain way Positive reinforcement Presentationofaneventwhichincreases likelihood e g allowance for doing chores Negative reinforcement Removalofaneventwhichincreasesthe likelihood e g no chores for good grades
View Full Document
Unlocking...