Psych 1315 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 2 3 9 Lecture 1 Introduction to the Psychology Describe what is psychology Then describe the two processes of psychology Who was the father of modern psychology what did he contribute and who were two other psychologists who developed their own theories and their contribution Psychology Scientific study of behavior and mental processes 2 processes of Psychology Behavior Everything that is directly observed Mental Thoughts feelings but can not be observed directly Father of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt Created academic discipline of Psychology by joining pieces of philosophy natural sciences He did a study that when you pressed a key you would have to see how long it took to be heard and this tested workings of the brain THE WHAT essentially He discovered structures of mental process and called it structuralism Structuralism identifies and the structures of the human mind The method of studying introspection is looking inside our mind 2 other psychologists William James Focused on human interaction with the outside world and the purpose of our thoughts The WHY essentially Cause and effect He called this functionalism Charles Darwin He said natural selection was the way we should study what and why we do what we do He said the best adapted to the environment will survive and reproduce Lecture 2 What are the 7 approaches to psychology Describe each approach 7 approaches Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural Biological Approach The brain and nervous system are central to understanding behavior thought and emotion Examples Heart racing hands sweating Neuroscience the scientific study of the structure function development genetics and biochem of the nervous system Behavioral Approach Focuses on observable behavioral responses and their environment determinants interactions with environment Watson Skinner was behaviorists Rewards and punishments determine our behavior because it can motivate them to act a certain way Psychodynamic Approach Conflict between biological drives and society demands and also early child hood experiences It emphasizes unconscious thoughts Freud was the founding father who used psychoanalysis Humanistic Approach Emphasizes positive qualities capacity for positive growth a freedom to choose and the ability to control your life instead by the environment Reflects own actions and turns it into self understanding Examples Altruism Does good just to do it Cognitive Approach Allows us to make decisions plan set goals etc Individual s mental processes are in control of behavior through memories perceptions images and thinking Active and aware problem solving system Evolutionary Approach This leads back to Darwin s theory with natural selection adaption to explain behaviors and how it influences our decision Examples Body shape attraction aggression Sociocultural Approach Compare people from different cultures under cultural influences Examines ways in which social and cultural factors influence behavior Lecture 3 What are the different types of field s psychologists can work in and what are some specialties What is it called when someone is asked to express every thought that goes thought that goes through mind Following Freud s school of thought would follow which approach Different Types Clinical 24 Industrial 12 Academic 34 Private Practice 22 Schools 4 Other 4 Specialties Social Psychologist Interested in social perception cognition and attitudes Putting in less effort Sensation and perception Take in more sensations instead of only using only some of the 5 you use all of the 5 senses Cross Cultural Emotion thought and behavior Developmental Psychologist Concerned with how people become who they are from birth to death Focuses on biological and environment that also contribute to human development Clinical and Counseling Psychologist most widely practiced solve practical problems in life Psychiatrist A specialist who has a medical degree Learning How we take in what we learn Industrial Organization Business how we produce good outcomes School Education Administer IQ tests etc Forensic What motivates someone to commit the crimes they do Sport How we get someone to have stopped having fear after getting injured Express every thought Stream of consciousness Freud s school of thought Psychodynamics Lecture 4 What is the scientific method and what does each one do What are 4 attitudes of scientific approach What is meta analysis Who do you use in a study What are independent and dependent variables What is conceptual and operational What are 3 types of research Scientific method State the problem Hypothesis Design study Analyze data Communicate results State the problem Study variables anything can change You ask questions and develop theories idea that explains observations and to make predictions about future observations Hypothesis Must be specific and generated from theories If they are true theory gains credibility 4 attitudes Curiosity Skepticism Objectivity Thinking critically Meta analysis Combining results across a variety of studies to find an effective size and see if the result is consistent Who do you use in a study Population Sample Subset of population Random Sample Same chance of being selected Random Assignment Same chance of being assigned to any conditions Independent Variable Manipulates the variable Dependent Variable Measures the variable Conceptual The big picture Operational Specific and able to replicate if same study were to occur 3 Types of research Descriptive Observations must be systematic whom when and where and how Case study history in depth looking at an individual Performed mainly by clinical psychologists Naturalistic observation is the view of behavior without disturbing the environment and researchers cannot change the situation Correlational Tells us about the relation between two variables Longitudinal research can suggest potential casual relationship Co Relation Coefficient indicates relationship between the number 1 and 1 and depends how strong the correlation is If the number is closer to 1 it is a negative correlation and if it is closer to 1 it is a positive correlation and if it is closer to 0 variables are uncorrelated meaning no correlation Correlation does not equal causation Causation does not mean that the variables cause the other Strong positive correlation is between two variables one variables increases and the other