Psych 1315 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 17 29 Lectures 17 19 Know cognition Difference between computer and human Thinking Concepts Problem Solving Fixation Functional Fixedness Cognitively flexible Reasoning Decision Making Confirmation Bias Hindsight Bias Availability Heurisitic Base Rate Fallacy Neglect Bias blind spot The Representativeness heurisitic Critical Thinking Mindfulness Open Mindedness Creativity Divergent Thinking Convergent thinking Intelligence Validity Reliability Standardization IQ Mental Age Heritability Nature Vs Nurture Flynn Effect Gifted Mental retardation Savants Tharchic theory Howard Gardner Language 5 Basic rule systems surface vs deep structure Whole language approach Cognitive appraisal Coping Types of coping Cognition Info is processed and manipulated in remembering thinking and knowing Computer VS Human The computer input s is the hardware and software like the memory and operations and then it goes to output The human inputs goes to the brain and mind and cognition which is the memory problem and reasoning and then output Thinking Process of manipulating info mentally by forming concepts solving problems making decisions and reflecting critically or creatively Concepts Mental categories that are used to group objects events characteristics sports fruits pets etc Important for four reasons 1 Generalization 2 Associate experiences and objects compare 3 Aid memory 4 Provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience Prototype Model Compare the item with the most typical items in that category and look for a family resemblance with those items certain properties Problem Solving Appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available Four steps in problem solving 1 Find and Frame Problems Recognizing a problem Asking questions in creative ways and seeing what others do not looking from a diff perspective 2 Develop Good Problem Solving Strategies Subgoals Intermediate goals or intermediate problems reaching the final goal or solution work backwards to the subgoal that is closet to the beginning of the problem Algorithims Guarantee a solution to a problem FOIL PEMDAS Heuristics Short cut strategies Righty tighty lefty loosey Mental Sets Relying on tried and true strategies when attempting to solve a new problem How to use pliers how to get good grades 3 Evaluate Solutions We will not know how effective our solution is until we find out if it works Trial and error 4 Rethink and Redefine Problems and Solutions over time Fixation Using prior strategies and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective Functional Fixedness Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual function Boxes of matches pliers dots in a square all require to think outside of the box Cognitively Flexible Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation Reasoning Mental activity of transforming info to reach a conclusion Inductive Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations bottom up processing Deductive Reasoning from general to a specific instance Decision Making Maximizes our outcomes Confirmation Bias Supports one s ideas rather than refutes them seeks out and listens to people whose views confirm our own My side bias Hindsight Bias Tendency to report falsely after the fact that one has accurately predicted an outcome I knew it all along Availability Heuristic Prediction about the probability of similar events means we think that events are cognitively available are more likely to happen Base Rate Fallacy Neglect Tendency to ignore info about general principles The Representativeness Heuristic Make judgements about group members based on stereotypes Basing on social judgement Bias Blind Spot Notice biases in others but not in self You have issues but I don t Critical Thinking Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence Mindfulness Being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities Open mindedness Being receptive to other ways of looking at things Creativity Ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems 2 types of creativity 1 Divergent Thinking Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem Brainstorming 2 Convergent Thinking Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem Intelligence Solve problems and to learn from experience relatively stable people can be compared varies according to culture Validity Extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Reliability Test yields a consistent reproducible measure of performance Standardization Uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms for the test IQ Single number derived from performance on a test most widely used psych measure in the world valid test IQ MA CA 100 Mental Age Individuals level of mental develop Relative to that of others Nature VS Nurture Most genetically similar people have the most similar scores Identical Twins in same environment have high intelligence Identical Twins in different environments have lower intelligence than if they lived together but still high compared to regular Heritability Proportion of observable differences genes of the groups members Flynn Effect Rapidly increasing IQ test scores Gifted IQ of 130 or higher and or superior talent in a particular area Mental Retardation IQ under 70 and has difficulty adapting to everyday life Savants Limited intellectual social functioning overall but exhibit tremendous gifts in a certain domain ability to remember info has trouble with socializing EX KIM PEAK Triarchic Theory Sternberg developed this intelligences comes in 3 forms 1 Analytical Intelligence Ability to judge evaluate compare and contrast 2 Creative Intelligence Create design invert originate imagine 3 Practical Intelligence To use apply implement and put ideas into practice 8 types of Intelligence Howard Gardner developed this theory Frames of Mind where he looked at different cultures took a casestudy approach looked at people who have deficits in some areas and domains but can still consider them intelligent 8 types are 1 Verbal 2 Mathematics 3 Spatial 3D 4 Bodily Kinesthethic 5 Musical 6 Interpersonal Interact with others 7 Intrapersonal Understand one self 8 Naturalist Language Form of communication whether spoken written signed recognizes letters and sentences and still know what is being