Psych 1315 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 17 - 29Lectures 17-19Know cognition, Difference between computer and human, Thinking, Concepts, Problem Solving, Fixation, Functional Fixedness, Cognitively flexible, Reasoning, Decision Making, Confirmation Bias, Hindsight Bias, Availability Heurisitic, Base Rate Fallacy/Neglect, Bias blind spot, The Representativeness heurisitic, Critical Thinking, Mindfulness, Open Mindedness, Creativity, Divergent Thinking, Convergent thinking, Intelligence, Validity, Reliability, Standardization, IQ, Mental Age, Heritability, Nature Vs. Nurture, Flynn Effect,Gifted, Mental retardation, Savants, Tharchic theory, Howard Gardner, Language, 5 Basic rule systems, surface vs deep structure, Whole language approach, Cognitive appraisal, Coping, Types of copingCognition: Info is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowingComputer VS Human: The computer input’s is the hardware and software like the memory and operations, and then it goes to output. The human inputs goes to the brain and mind and cognition, which is the memory, problem, and reasoning, and then output. Thinking: Process of manipulating info mentally by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively. Concepts: Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, characteristics (sports, fruits, pets, etc) Important for four reasons: 1. Generalization 2. Associate experiences and objects (compare) 3. Aid memory 4. Provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience Prototype Model: Compare the item with the most typical items in that category, and look for a “family resemblance” with those items, certain properties Problem Solving: Appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available Four steps in problem solving:1. Find and Frame Problems: Recognizing a problem. Asking questions in creative ways and seeing what others do not (looking from a diff perspective)2. Develop Good Problem-Solving Strategies: Subgoals: Intermediate goals or intermediate problems, reaching the final goal or solution (work backwards to the subgoal that is closet to the beginning of the problem)Algorithims: Guarantee a solution to a problem (FOIL, PEMDAS)Heuristics: Short cut strategies (Righty tighty, lefty loosey) Mental Sets: Relying on tried and true strategies when attempting to solvea new problem (How to use pliers, how to get good grades)3. Evaluate Solutions: We will not know how effective our solution is until we find out if it works (Trial and error)4. Rethink and Redefine Problems and Solutions over time: Fixation: Using prior strategies and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new perspective Functional Fixedness: Failing to solve a problem as a result of fixation on a things usual function (Boxes of matches, pliers, dots in a square, all require to think outside of the box)Cognitively Flexible: Recognizing that options are available and adapting to the situation Reasoning: Mental activity of transforming info to reach a conclusion Inductive: Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations (bottom up processing)Deductive: Reasoning from general to a specific instanceDecision Making: Maximizes our outcomesConfirmation Bias: Supports one’s ideas rather than refutes them, seeks out and listens to people whose views confirm our own (My side bias)Hindsight Bias: Tendency to report falsely after the fact that one has accurately predictedan outcome. (I knew it all along)Availability Heuristic: Prediction about the probability of similar events, means we think that events are cognitively available are more likely to happen. Base Rate Fallacy/Neglect: Tendency to ignore info about general principlesThe Representativeness Heuristic: Make judgements about group members based on stereotypes (Basing on social judgement) Bias Blind Spot: Notice biases in others but not in self (You have issues but I don’t) Critical Thinking: Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence Mindfulness: Being alert and mentally present for ones everyday activities Open-mindedness: Being receptive to other ways of looking at things Creativity: Ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems 2 types of creativity:1. Divergent Thinking: Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem (Brainstorming)2. Convergent Thinking: Thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem Intelligence: Solve problems, and to learn from experience, relatively stable, people can be compared, varies according to culture Validity: Extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure Reliability: Test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performanceStandardization: Uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms for the test IQ: Single number, derived from performance on a test, most widely used psych measurein the world, valid test, IQ= (MA/CA) * 100Mental Age: Individuals level of mental develop. Relative to that of othersNature VS Nurture: Most genetically similar people have the most similar scoresIdentical Twins in same environment have high intelligence Identical Twins in different environments have lower intelligence than if they lived together but still high compared to regular Heritability: Proportion of observable differences, genes of the groups members Flynn Effect: Rapidly increasing IQ test scores Gifted: IQ of 130 or higher, and or superior talent in a particular area Mental Retardation: IQ under 70 and has difficulty adapting to everyday life Savants: Limited intellectual social functioning overall, but exhibit tremendous “gifts in a certain domain (ability to remember info, has trouble with socializing, EX: KIM PEAK)Triarchic Theory: Sternberg developed this, intelligences comes in 3 forms:1. Analytical Intelligence: Ability to judge, evaluate, compare and contrast2. Creative Intelligence: Create, design, invert, originate, imagine 3. Practical Intelligence: To use, apply, implement, and put ideas into practice 8 types of Intelligence: Howard Gardner developed this theory, “Frames of Mind”, wherehe looked at different cultures, took a casestudy approach, looked at people who have deficits in some areas and domains but can still consider them intelligent, 8 types are:1. Verbal 2. Mathematics3. Spatial (3D)4. Bodily Kinesthethic 5.