PSYC 1315 1st Edition Lecture 33Last LecturePsychological DisordersCurrent Lecture Therapies Biological Therapies -  Treatments to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering the way an individual’s body functions -  Psychotherapy: Non-medical process that helps individuals recognize and overcome their problems Drug TherapiesAntidepressant Change the effectiveness of neurotransmitters implicated in mood disorders AntianxietyReduce tension and anxiety Antipsychotic Reduce positive symptoms (delusions or hallucinations) of schizophrenia Electroconvulsive TherapyBrief electric current delivered to the brainIntroduced in the 1930shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCUmINGae44&feature=related Used to combat major depression Much less discomfort nowGiven anesthesia and muscle relaxers PsychosurgeryInvolves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual’s adjustment 1930s: prefrontal lobotomy Separation of frontal lobe CingulotomyDestroy small portion of limbic system Psychotherapy Process to help individuals recognize, define, and overcome psychological and interpersonal difficulties Insight therapy:Treatment that encourages insight and self- awarenessUses psychodynamic and humanistic therapies Effectiveness of Psychotherapy All therapies are “winners”. Factors in Successful Psychotherapy therapeutic alliance (monitored) therapist expertise & personalityclient active engagement Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis Uncover hidden impulses and memories locked in the unconscious Freud Free association Dream analysisManifest vs. Latent content Humanistic Therapies Clients are encouraged to understand themselves and grow personally Client-centered TherapyTherapist provides an unconditionally warm and supportive atmosphere Nondirective, empathic, positive regardGestalt Therapy -  Therapist challenges clients in order to help them become more aware of their feelings and face their problems -  May encourage the client to act out hostile feelings - Behavior Therapies - Use principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior - Behavioral therapists assume that the overt symptoms are the problem - Conditioning Techniques Conditioning (remember Pavlov)- Useful for phobiasSystematic Desensitization - Use an anxiety hierarchy and relaxation techniques - Aversive Conditioning - Replace something pleasant with something unpleasant (smoking, biting nails) - Operant conditioning Behavior modification: - Using operant conditioning to change human behavior - Token economics - Patients are rewarded with small tokens when they act in appropriate ways - Cognitive Therapies - Emphasize that individuals’ cognitions, or thoughts, are the main source of abnormal behavior - Cognitive restructuring: - Changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing the maladaptive behavior or emotion - Types of Cognitive Therapy - Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy Therapist acts like a cross-examiner Verbally assaults the irrationality - Beck’s Cognitive TherapyTherapist acts like co-investigatorClients keep records of their feelings/reactions - Cognitive Behavior Therapy - A combination of cognitive therapy and behavior therapy; self-efficacy - Group TherapySeveral people treated simultaneously - Disadvantages:Shy, don’t want to discuss own problems in - front of others - Advantages:Cost effectiveHearing others talk can be educational Realize you aren’t alone- Family TherapyTherapist treats the family simultaneouslyLearn how to communicate and get along better - Couples Therapy - Group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship - Support Groups - Voluntary organizations of individuals who get together on a regular basis to discuss topics of commoninterest - Online support groups - Psychotherapy Factors Therapeutic alliance:- Relationship between the therapist and client Integrative therapy: - Combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapist’s judgment of which would work best with the