Psych 1315 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 18Lecture 11- 12Sensation and PerceptionKnow vocab: Sensation, perception, bottom up processing, top down processing, absolute threshold, difference threshold, attention, perceptual set, sensory adaption, light, wavelength, frequency, pitch, amplitude, perceptual constancy, Know sensory receptors, law’s, theories, parts of your eyes, parallel processing, blind spot, psychology, know parts of your ears, principle, skin senses, chemical senses, kinesthetic and vestibular senses, semicircular canals - Sensation: processes of receiving stimulus energies of the environment - Perception: process of organizing interpreting sensory info so that it makes sense - Bottom up processing: taking info and trying to make sense of it (ex: listening to a song for the first time, get a feel for the first time)- Top down processing: create a perceptual experience in your mind (ex: know the song well and create the experience in your mind and then are able to “play it back in your mind”- Absolute threshold: minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect - Difference threshold: smallest difference in stimulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another 50% of time - Attention: awareness on a narrowed aspect Selective attention: focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others - Perceptual set: Predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way - Sensory adaption: Change responsiveness sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation (ex: sitting in a dark room, jumping into a cold room- Light: electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths - Wavelength: distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next. Greater amplitude has a brighter light. Smaller amplitude has a dimmer light) - Frequency: # of cycles that pass through a point in a given time interval - Pitch: is the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of the sound - Amplitude: amount of pressure the sound wave produces relative to a standard- Perceptual constancy: objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing (size, shape, color) - Sensory receptors: are specialized cells that detect stimulus and transmit it to sensory afferent nerves and brainPhotoreception: vision (sight, eyes) Mechanoreceptor: hearing (ears) touch (skin) Chemoreception: smell (nose) taste (tongue) - Weber’s Law: 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different. (ex: adding 1 candle to 20 candles, you will notice the difference in lighting, but not 1 candle to 120 candles) - Signal detection theory: decision making about stimuli under conditions of certainty If the signal is present: (Hit) correct If the signal is absent: (false alarm) mistake If the signal is present: (Miss) mistake If the signal is absent: (Correct rejection) correct - Trichromatic theory: 3 types of cone receptors, are sensitive and different, but overlap ranges of wavelengths - Place theory: frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane - Frequency theory: depends on hoe often the auditory nerve fails - 3 parts of your eyes: Sclera, iris, pupil sclera: white part of eye, maintains shape and protects iris: colored part of eye pupil: appears black, allows light to enter eye, expands when dark so light can come in and vise versa - Iris: 2 structures bring the image to focus: cornea and lens Cornea: clear membrane in front, helps focus light, covers eye Lens: functions the same as the cornea it bends light falling on the surface of the eye justenough to focus it on the back - Retina: thin tissue of eye and records what we see - 2 kinds of visual receptors are: rods and cones Rods: sensitive to light, along sides of eyes, useful at night, long and thinCones: color perception, larger amount of light, short and thick - Fovea: only contain cones- Parallel processing: distribution of info across different pathways - Blind spot: spot where we cant see - Gesalt psychology: people naturally organize perceptions according to certain patterns - Outer ear: consists of auditory external canal and pinna Pinna: outer visible part of the ear - Middle ear: sound frequency transmitted, consist of the hammer, anvil, ear drum, stirrup- Inner ear: consists of cochlea and basilar membrane Cochlea: translates sound waves into neural impulses - Valley Principle: fire neural impulses in a rapid succession - Skin senses: Temperature, pain, touch (these 3 form the cutaneous senses)- Chemical senses: papillae (tastebuds, sour is on the sides of tongue, in the middle not many, in the back its bitter, and salty at the tip) - Kinesthetic senses: movement, posture, muscles fibers and joints)- Vestibular senses: balance - Semicircular canals: detect head motion caused when we shake or tilt our head Lecture 13-15Know vocab: States of consciousness, attention, stream of consciousness, dichotic listening, automaticity, visual neglect, ADHD, biological rhythms, circadian rhythms, biological clocks, EEG,activation synthesis, reticular formation, neurotransmitters, dyssomnias, parasomnias, manifestcontent, latent content, psychoactive drugs, tolerance, physical dependence, withdrawl, agonist,antagonist, depressants, opiates, stimulants, hallucinogen, hypnosis, hypnosis hypermnesia, meditation Know: levels of awareness, theories, why are we deprived of sleep, stages of sleep, sleep disorders- States of consciousness: subjective awareness of internal and external events - Attention: internal processes used to set priorities for mental functions- Stream of consciousness: describes the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings - Dichotic listening: different auditory message presented in each ear at the same time, then subject must repeat aloud one message while ignoring the other- Automaticity: fast and effortless processing that requires little to no focused attention. Divided attention task is performing 2 tasks at the same time - Visual neglect: tendency to ignore things that appear on one side of the body (left), damage to the right parietal lobe - ADHD: disorder marked by difficulties in concentrating or in sustaining attention for extended periods, affects 3-5%- Biological rhythms: body temp, blood pressure, hormone secretion- Circadian rhythms: 24 hour cycle- Biological clocks: thrown off regular schedule, like jetlag - EEG: