Psych 1315 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Lectures 11 18 Lecture 11 12 Sensation and Perception Know vocab Sensation perception bottom up processing top down processing absolute threshold difference threshold attention perceptual set sensory adaption light wavelength frequency pitch amplitude perceptual constancy Know sensory receptors law s theories parts of your eyes parallel processing blind spot psychology know parts of your ears principle skin senses chemical senses kinesthetic and vestibular senses semicircular canals Sensation processes of receiving stimulus energies of the environment Perception process of organizing interpreting sensory info so that it makes sense Bottom up processing taking info and trying to make sense of it ex listening to a song for the first time get a feel for the first time Top down processing create a perceptual experience in your mind ex know the song well and create the experience in your mind and then are able to play it back in your mind Absolute threshold minimum amount of stimulus energy that a person can detect Difference threshold smallest difference in stimulation required to discriminate one stimulus from another 50 of time Attention awareness on a narrowed aspect Selective attention focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others Perceptual set Predisposition or readiness to perceive something in a particular way Sensory adaption Change responsiveness sensory system based on the average level of surrounding stimulation ex sitting in a dark room jumping into a cold room Light electromagnetic energy that can be described in terms of wavelengths Wavelength distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next Greater amplitude has a brighter light Smaller amplitude has a dimmer light Frequency of cycles that pass through a point in a given time interval Pitch is the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of the sound Amplitude amount of pressure the sound wave produces relative to a standard Perceptual constancy objects are constant and unchanging even though sensory input about them is changing size shape color Sensory receptors are specialized cells that detect stimulus and transmit it to sensory afferent nerves and brain Photoreception vision sight eyes Mechanoreceptor hearing ears touch skin Chemoreception smell nose taste tongue Weber s Law 2 stimuli must differ by a constant proportion to be perceived as different ex adding 1 candle to 20 candles you will notice the difference in lighting but not 1 candle to 120 candles Signal detection theory decision making about stimuli under conditions of certainty If the signal is present Hit correct If the signal is absent false alarm mistake If the signal is present Miss mistake If the signal is absent Correct rejection correct Trichromatic theory 3 types of cone receptors are sensitive and different but overlap ranges of wavelengths Place theory frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane Frequency theory depends on hoe often the auditory nerve fails 3 parts of your eyes Sclera iris pupil sclera white part of eye maintains shape and protects iris colored part of eye pupil appears black allows light to enter eye expands when dark so light can come in and vise versa Iris 2 structures bring the image to focus cornea and lens Cornea clear membrane in front helps focus light covers eye Lens functions the same as the cornea it bends light falling on the surface of the eye just enough to focus it on the back Retina thin tissue of eye and records what we see 2 kinds of visual receptors are rods and cones Rods sensitive to light along sides of eyes useful at night long and thin Cones color perception larger amount of light short and thick Fovea only contain cones Parallel processing distribution of info across different pathways Blind spot spot where we cant see Gesalt psychology people naturally organize perceptions according to certain patterns Outer ear consists of auditory external canal and pinna Pinna outer visible part of the ear Middle ear sound frequency transmitted consist of the hammer anvil ear drum stirrup Inner ear consists of cochlea and basilar membrane Cochlea translates sound waves into neural impulses Valley Principle fire neural impulses in a rapid succession Skin senses Temperature pain touch these 3 form the cutaneous senses Chemical senses papillae tastebuds sour is on the sides of tongue in the middle not many in the back its bitter and salty at the tip Kinesthetic senses movement posture muscles fibers and joints Vestibular senses balance Semicircular canals detect head motion caused when we shake or tilt our head Lecture 13 15 Know vocab States of consciousness attention stream of consciousness dichotic listening automaticity visual neglect ADHD biological rhythms circadian rhythms biological clocks EEG activation synthesis reticular formation neurotransmitters dyssomnias parasomnias manifest content latent content psychoactive drugs tolerance physical dependence withdrawl agonist antagonist depressants opiates stimulants hallucinogen hypnosis hypnosis hypermnesia meditation Know levels of awareness theories why are we deprived of sleep stages of sleep sleep disorders States of consciousness subjective awareness of internal and external events Attention internal processes used to set priorities for mental functions Stream of consciousness describes the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations images thoughts and feelings Dichotic listening different auditory message presented in each ear at the same time then subject must repeat aloud one message while ignoring the other Automaticity fast and effortless processing that requires little to no focused attention Divided attention task is performing 2 tasks at the same time Visual neglect tendency to ignore things that appear on one side of the body left damage to the right parietal lobe ADHD disorder marked by difficulties in concentrating or in sustaining attention for extended periods affects 3 5 Biological rhythms body temp blood pressure hormone secretion Circadian rhythms 24 hour cycle Biological clocks thrown off regular schedule like jetlag EEG monitors electrical activity of the brain height frequency and regularity Activation synthesis consequence of random activity in brain Reticular formation critical role in sleep and arousal Neurotransmitters serotonin norepinephrine and acetylcholine Dyssomnias problems connected with amount timing and quality of