Psych 205 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Chapters: 13 - 16Chapter 13 (April 15/20)• What does it mean to say that behaviorists focus on “overt” behavior?• -Can be observed, predicted, and controlled by scientists• How does behaviorism define personality? • Personality= “the end product of our habit systems” –we are conditioned to respond to certain stimuli in more or less predictable ways• What is radical behaviorism? What does it say about free will?• - Does not deny that we have thoughts or inner experiences• -No free will- we instead respond to demands from the environment • Know the following classical conditioning terms and be ready to label in an example: unconditioned stimulus, conditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned response• Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) evokes unconditioned response (UCR)• Unconditioned stimulus paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) evokes conditioned response (CR)-Stimulus-object, event, person-Response-reaction “what happens?”-Unconditioned- natural, automatic-Conditioned- has to be paired with something unconditional to develop an association. CR is the same as the UCR.• What is second-order conditioning and how does it help to explain human behavior?• -Building one conditioned S-R association on another• What are the limitations of classical conditioning?• Persistence of new S-R association requires occasional pairing or reinforcement of unconditioned and conditioned stimuli• Extinction- Gradual disappearance of the conditioned S-R association• Impossible to create certain S-R bonds-needs to be something easy to associate with• What is Thorndike’s law of effect?• Behaviors are: more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequences and less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences• Begins with behaviors that are produced spontaneously• Know the following operant conditioning terms and be ready to label in an example: reinforcement, punishment, consequence, positive, negative, shaping, generalization, discrimination• Reinforcement- consequence that increases the frequency of a behavior• Punishment-consequence that decreases the frequency of a behavior• Consequence- can be either reinforcement or punishment depending on the person and the situation• Positive reinforcement- Behavior is followed by a reward• Negative reinforcement- Removal of unpleasant stimulus when the behavior occurs• Shaping- Reinforcement of successive approximations of the desired behavior• Generalization- generalizing a response of a specific stimulus to another stimulus• Discrimination- Differentiation between rewarding and nonrewarding stimuli• What are the limitations of punishment?• -Do not teach appropriate behaviors, has to be immediate and consistent• What is Rotter’s formula for predicting behavior?• Behavior Potential (BP) = Expectancy (E) + Reinforcement Value (RV)• What is reciprocal determinism, and what are the three components?• External and internal determinants of behavior are part of a system of interactinginfluences. 1-Behavior, external factors, internal factors• What is observational learning?• People learn by observing other people’s actions• How do behaviorists explain psychological disorders?• Operant conditioning takes over once the pairing of classical conditioning is removed and problematic behaviors are explained in terms of reinforcing the wrong behavior• What is systematic desensitization? What is aversion therapy? How do they work (in classical conditioning terms) to treat psychological problems?• Systematic desensitization- replacing the old association of feared stimulus and response by a new association of stimulus• Aversion Therapy- altering problem behaviors by pairing aversive images with undesirable behaviors• Develops a hierarchy, then relaxation training, then finally pair relaxation techniques with steps in the hierarchy. Pairing images with relaxation response should create a new association• How are operant conditioning principles used in therapy? What is biofeedback, and how does it work?• Several muscle relaxation sessions with immediate feedback provided by machine. Reinforced for lowering muscle tension by changes observed on the machine. Commonly used to travel tension headaches-effective in reducing frequency, intensity, and duration.• Biofeedback- Requires special equipment that provides information about somatic (body) processes• What are 2 types of expectations? What are sources of efficacy expectations, and which ones are most powerful? What is guided mastery?• Two types of expectations- outcome expectation-extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome. Efficacy expectation- extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcome• Sources of efficacy expectations- enactive mastery experiences- successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past. Vicarious experiences- seeing otherpeople perform the behavior without adverse effect (verbal presentation, physiological and affective states)• Guided mastery- situation arranged by therapist that guarantees successful experience to client, broken down into small steps, with each successful experience the client strengthens belief that he/she is capable• What are the techniques for a “good” behavior observation? What are the advantages/disadvantages of both self-monitoring and observation by others?• Must have clear definitions of behaviors-examples of behaviors to be counted and rules for “borderline” examples. Accuracy of behavior can be improved by having two or more observers independently code the same behaviors.• Provides the most accurate assessment of a client’s behavior and used to complement data obtained through other methods• What are the strengths of the behaviorism approach? What are the weaknesses?• Strengths- solid foundation in empirical research, development of useful therapeutic procedures, treatments based on conditioning principles have several advantages (most useful approach for certain population)• Criticisms- Narrow in its description of human personality, does not give adequate attention to the role of heredity, human beings are more complex than the laboratory animals, reduction to observable behaviors distorts the real issues of therapy.Chapter 14 (April 22/27)• How might operant