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UW-Milwaukee PSYCH 205 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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Psych 205 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Chapters: 9 - 12Chapter 9 What is a primary tenet of biological theory (what makes it different from trait or psychoanalytictheory)?-Biological differences contribute to personality and personality is more a factor of biologythan the environmentWhat are Hans Eysenck’s 3 super traits?-Extraversion-introversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism-What does a high/low score on each trait mean?-Extraverts-outgoing, impulsive, uninhibited, and sociable-Introverts- quiet introspective, reserved, and distant except to intimate friends-Neuroticism- High: unstable or highly emotional, easily upset, and angered-Low: less prone to emotional swings-Psychoticism: people on the high end of psychoticism are egocentric, impulsive, cold, lack empathy, impulsive, unconcerned for others-What arguments did Eysenck make for a biological basis for personality?-The consistency of extraversion-introversion over time, cross-cultural research supports three dimensions, role of genetics-What is sensitivity to stimulation and how is it related to introversion-extroversion?-Introverts are more sensitive so they get easily overwhelmed and introverts are lesssensitiveWhat are the Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)?-BAS & BIS: behavioral activation/inhibition systems-helps with stability-What are characteristics of people with a high BAS? High BIS?-High BAS: motivated to seek out and achieve pleasurable goals, get more pleasure out of rewards and anticipating those rewards, also experience more anger and frustration-High BIS: apprehensive of others, quick to retreat, experience more anxietyWhat is temperament?-General behavioral dispositions present at birth-How does temperament relate to personality?-Influences personality development-Know Thomas & Chess’ 3 temperament styles-Easy, difficult, slow-to-warm up-Be able to define “emotionality”, “activity” and “sociability”-Emotionality: intensity of emotional reactions and as children those high on emotionality-cry frequently, are easily frightened, frequently express anger and as adults they are easily upset and have a quick temper-Activity-general level of energy and as children, those high in activity movearound a lot, prefer active games, fidget when needing to sit still and as adults they are always “on the go”-Sociability- general tendency to affiliate and interact with others and sociable children seek out other children to play, as adults they have a lot of friends and enjoy social gatherings-What are gender differences in temperament?-Girls exhibit a higher level of control than boys-focus attention; control impulses and boys are identified with an increased level of urgencycompared to girls-higher activity, sociability-What are behavioral, physical, and neurological characteristics of “inhibited” and “uninhibited” children?-Inhibited: physical- more blue eyes, more allergies, increased susceptibility to chronic medical conditions, differences in brain activity such as a higher amygdala response, increased striatum activity and as infants they have fear, in early childhood they are clingier, as teens they are more shy, and as adults there is a greater risk of social anxiety disorder-Uninhibited: children are likely to exhibit disruptive behavior disorders-aggression and ADHD-How does inhibition seem to change over the lifespan? (What happens to inhibited children as they grow up?)-The correlation depends on what activity is happening but the more interaction, thedecrease in correlation.-What is evolutionary psychology?-Anxiety more often than not about negative evaluation and/or rejection-How does this theory explain anxiety?-Anxiety about possible rejection or fear of what others think motivates you to act differently which then protects you-What is cerebral asymmetry?-Difference in the activity level between the anterior region of a person’s right and left cerebral hemisphere-What is associated with activation in the left hemisphere? The right hemisphere?-Left hemisphere: positive moods and right hemisphere: negative moods-How might this explain individual differences?-Hemisphere, which displays the higher activity level, differs among people and tends to be stable over time-How might this explain emotional disorders?-Left hemisphere activity is related to movement toward the source of the emotion and the right hemisphere activity is related to movement away from the source of emotion, anxiety sufferers have higher right side activation than no anxious individuals-What are some strengths of the biological approach to personality? What are some criticisms?-Strengths: provides a bridge between the study of personality and discipline of biology, identified realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change, researchers have generated empirical support for hypotheses advanced from this perspective-Criticisms: Biologists face limits on their ability to test their ideas, assumption that every human characteristic serves a survival function, lack of an agreed-upon model on temperament, no schools of psychotherapy based on biological approachChapter 10-What does research say about the “heritability” of personality traits?-People are born with a potential for intelligence that combines with environmental influences to determine adult intelligence levels-What is the twin-study method?-Procedure for separating the role of genetics from the role of environment and takes advantages of Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins and generates correlation tables-How is this used to study heritability of traits? (Figure 10.1)-Everything is the same except for the genetics of dizygotic twins-What are the key assumptions in this method?-Twin pairs can be accurately identified as MZ or DZ twins and MZ and DZ twins haveequally smaller environments-identical twins may be treated more alike than are DZ twins-What are “nonadditive” effects? -Genetic influences of some personality traits may not be seen unless a unique combination of more than one gene is inherited-In cases of adoption, are children more similar to their biological parents or their adoptive parents in personality traits?-More similar to biological because of geneticsWhich personality trait has the strongest genetic component?-Extraversion-introversionWhat does the research say about extraversion/introversion and happiness?-Extraverts experience more happinessWhat are some possible


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UW-Milwaukee PSYCH 205 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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