Psych 205 1st Edition Lecture 25 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Cognitive Approach: Theory, Application, and Assessment: Chapter 15 Part 2Outline of Current Lecture II. Gender, Memory, and Self-ConstrualIII. Cognitions and DepressionCurrent LectureIn todays lecture, delve into Chapter 16. We looked into gender, memory, and self-construal. We also talked about cognitions and depression and looked into different cognitive styles.Gender, Memory, and Self-Construal-Investigators often find differences in what men and women remember-Women recall more personal events- both positive and negative-Men better at recalling impersonal information-These differences in memory can be explained by the way people process self-relevant information-Men and women differ in the extent to which:-Self-relevant information is associated with emotions-Information about themselves is connected with information about personal relationshipsEmotional Memories-Women:-Encode information about themselves in terms of emotions-Better be able to recall both positive and negative emotional experiencesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Posses a stronger cognitive link between one emotional memories better than males regardless of age-Possible explanation for higher rates of depression in women? If emotional memories are more present and keep coming up, it can contribute to how we feelMemories About Relationships-Men and women also differ in the extent to which they consider relationships when organizing self-relevant information-Some psychologists argue that this is because of the way men and women are raised in our society-Specifically, men and women form different cognitive representations of themselves-Men develop independent self-construals-Self-concept is unrelated to their cognitive representations of others-Women develop interdependent self-construals-Self-concepts highly related to cognitive representations of others-Not just higher enjoyment of relationships than men, but they are actually more likely to define themselves in terms of their relationships to other-Information about relationships is therefore more accessible for womenResearch Findings-“Who Am I?” study-Women included more statements about their roles relative to others (parent, wife, sister, friend)-Also found among elementary and high school students-Group of researchers gave participants a camera and asked them to take photographs describing themselves-Women pictures more often included good friends and loved ones-Men’s pictures included pictures of themselves alone-Gender differences in perception and recall about important people-Participants asked to decide if particular terms described them, best friend, a group, or the president-Later asked to recall as many words as possible-Women remembered words processed through “best friend” and “group” schemas better than men-Married couples asked to talk about significant events in their relationship-Stories told by wives more vivid and had more detailsCognitions and Depression-People who are depressed: remember sad experiences more easily; have difficulty keeping themselves from generating one depressing thought after another-Depressing thoughts are therefore tied to depressing feelings and can actually cause someone to become depressedDepression Cognitive Tied-Depressed people:-Have negative thoughts about themselves-Feel pessimistic about the future-Interpret ongoing experiences in a negative mannerNegative Schema-Cognitive structure containing memories about depressing events and thoughts-Also referred to as depressive schema-People processing information through this schema: attend to negative information, ignore positive information, and interpret ambitious information in a depressing way-They also recalled depressing memories easily-Associate current sad experiences with past sad incidents-As people recover from an episode of depression negative thoughts decline but cognitive network remains unchanged-This helps to explain why people who are depressed might stay depressed-Impacts what people remember-When given list of words and asked to indicate which describe them, then asked to recall as many words as possible-Depressed patients remembered depression-associated words better -Two groups of non-depressed people remembered other words better-Similar findings in college students-Why? Because depressed participants attended to and associated those word with themselves-Also interpret neutral information in a negative light-Participants in one study given choice to review positive or negative feedback on test scores-Majority of depressed participants chose unfavorable feedback, much more than non-depressed participantsCharacteristics of Individuals with Negative Cognitive Styles-Attribute problems to stable and global causes-Anticipate the most dreadful consequences possible-Believe that the problems they encounter are the result of their own personal shortcomingsNegative Cognitive Style-Tends to be stable over time-Related to depression-Predicts how adolescents react when encountering stressors in teenage years-Used to identify people who may be vulnerable to future episodes of depressionCognitive Styles and Culture-The link between cognitive style and depression may also be affected by culture-The way we explain events may differ-Cognitive style leading to depression appears to be the same,