Psych 205 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (January 26)Introduction Personality, The Six theories, two types of cultures,What is personality? Main idea of each of the 6 theories (what sets it apart from the others)? Personality: Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individualThe six theories: Psychoanalytic-differences in behavior stylesTrait-An individual that has different personality characteristicsBiological-inherited predispositionsHumanistic-personal responsibility and feelings of self-acceptanceBehavioral/Social learning-consistent behavior patternsCognitive-people process info to explain differences in behaviorWhat sets them apart from each other is the difference in behaviors is different in each theoryLecture 2 (January 28) Two types of culture-how do these influence personality? Main questions in personality theory-genetic vs. environmental, conscious vs. unconscious, free will vs. determinismGenetic Vs. Environmental-Different areas of emphasis depending upon the theory in question-Psychologists do not see the importance of inherited dispositions-Psychoanalytic theories emphasize innate needs and unconscious behavior patterns-Humanistic, behavioral/social learning and cognitive theorists emphasize inherited influences on personalityConscious Vs. UnconsciousPsychoanalyst say that much of what people do is without being awareBehavior perspective says that people assume they understand the reasons for their actions butin reality they do not.Trait and cognitive theorists assume people can identify and report their level of anxietyHumanistic theorists say that people do not understand why they act the way they doFree will Vs. DeterminismBehaviorists say that behavior is not freely chosen but it is the result of environmental forces and history of experiencesPsychoanalytic theorists identify personal choice and responsibility as the base of mental healthTrait and biological theorists emphasize genetic predispositionsCognitive psychotherapists encourage their clients to recognize the cause of their problems andhelp them to develop strategies to prevent them from happening in the futureTwo types of culture: Individualistic and collectivist. These two cultures influence personality because individualistic focuses on an individuals needs and accomplishments and collectivist focuses on putting emphasis on belonging to a larger groupTopographic Model-Personality is divided into different levels of awareness:Conscious-thoughts a person is currently aware ofPreconscious-Retrievable informationUnconscious-Thoughts that cannot be easily brought into awareness-Except under extreme situations and is responsible for most of your behaviorStructural Model-Divides personality into the id, the ego and the superegoId: Personality structure at birth-Actions are based on the “pleasure principle” and wish fulfillment (all unconscious)Ego: Satisfies id impulses, but takes into consideration the realities of the world-Actions are based on “reality principle”, moves among different parts of consciousnessSuperego: Represents society’s values and standards, emerges around age 5-Provides ideals to determine if a behavior is virtuous-Powerful superego leads to moral anxiety-shame and guiltLibido-life or sexual instinct-Most human behavior is attributed to the life instinct, not just content of a sexual nature but any action that involves pleasureThanatos-death or aggressive instinct-Death instinct often turned outward to aggression and wish to die remains unconsciousDefense Mechanisms-Techniques of ego to deal with unwanted thoughts and desires and reduce or avoid anxiety by keeping out of conscious awareness-Repression: active effort by the ego to push threatening material out of consciousness and requires constant expand of energy-Sublimation-Channeling threatening unconscious impulses into socially acceptable actions and productive in nature-Displacement-channeling impulses to nonthreatening objects and displaced impulses do not lead to social rewards-Intellectualization: Removal of emotional contents from the thought and helps bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety-Projection: Attributing unconscious impulse to other people and frees a person from theperception that he/she is the one who holds a certain thought-Denial: Refusal to accept that certain facts exist, an extreme form of defense, and make a person less realistic-Reaction Formation: acting in a manner opposite to threatening unconscious desiresPsychosexual Stages of Development-sequence of development made up of stages characterized by primary erogenous zones and sexual desires -Fixation: stagnation of psychic energyOral Stage-first 18 months of life, primary erogenous zones are the mouth, lips and tongue. Feeding problems can result in fixation and development of an oral personalityAnal stage-Primary erogenous zone is the anal region, children are toilet trained, traumatic toilet training can result in fixation and development of an anal personalityPhallic Stage-Ages 3-6, primary erogenous zone is the genitalOedipus Complex-children develop a sexual attraction for their opposite-sex parentLatency Stage-sexual desires decrease and boys and girls are uninterested in each otherGenital Stage-Initiated at puberty and the primary erogenous zone is the adult genital regionLecture 3 (February 2)Projective Tests- Assesses unconscious material by asking test takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli-Identifying objects, telling a story, or drawing a pictureFreudian Slips-Misstatements or slips of the lounge -Example- “I didn’t mean to say that”Human Figure Drawing: measures intelligence and important personality constructs and used asan indicator of psychological problems in childrenRorschach inkblot test: predicts behavior from responses to inkblots and is designed by Hermann RorschachThematic Apperception Test (TAT): test takers are asked to tell a story about a series of ambiguous pictures and are designed by Henry MurrayPsychoanalysis: System of psychotherapy that focuses on uncovering the unconscious material responsible for a patients disorder. The primary goal is to bring crucial unconscious material intoconsciousness for rational examination.Development of transference: displacing of emotions associated with people from past situations onto the therapistStrengths of Freud’s theory: It was the first comprehensive theory of human