Psych 205 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Social Learning and Social-Cognitive TheoryOutline of Current Lecture II. Application: Conditioning principles and self-efficacy in psychotherapyIII. Assessment: Behavior observation methodsIV. Strengths and Criticisms of the behavioral/social learning approachCurrent LectureIn todays lecture we finished up talking about social-cognitive theory. We talked about the application of conditioning principles and explored the self-efficacy in psychotherapy. We covered some behavior observation methods and also, some strengths and criticisms that apply to the behavioral/social learning approach.Social-Cognitive Theory-Reciprocal determinism: external and internal determinants of behavior are part of a system of interacting influences-Affect both behavior and various parts of the system-People when faced with new issues, imagine possible outcomes, calculate probabilities, set goals, and develop strategies-Self-regulation: controls behavior in the absence of external reinforcements and punishments-Observational learning: people learn by observing other people’s actions-Behaviors learned through observation need not be performed-Performing an observed behavior depends on people’s expectations about the consequencesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Behavioral Explanation of Psychological Disorders-John B. Watson demonstrated the creation of abnormal behaviors through normal conditioning procedures-Famous case: Little Albert-Behaviorists argue many fears develop in the same mannerBehavioral Explanations-How does this happen?-Classical Conditioning creates initial association -Example: shy child made fun of in front of class-Operant conditioning takes over once the pairing of classical conditioning is removed-Avoidance- negative reinforcement-Fear might then generalize-Previous learning also has an impact-Other problem behaviors can be explained as reinforcing the wrong behavior-Lack of appropriate behavior may result from too little reinforcementApplication: Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy-Classical conditioning applications-if the problem is the result of conditioning, then we can treat it with more appropriate conditioning-Eliminate or replace stimulus-response associations-Characteristics of this treatment-Brief (weeks, not years)-Next, relaxation training-Finally, pair relaxation techniques with steps in the hierarchy-Pairing images with relaxation response should create a new associationClassical Conditioning in Therapy-Aversion Therapy-Altering problem behaviors by pairing aversive images with undesirable behaviorsApplication: Conditioning Principles in Psychotherapy Continued…-Operant conditioning applications-Therapist identifies the target behavior-Need an “operation definition” of each term-Determine the baseline frequency of the behavior-Contingencies of rewards and punishments are changed according to the frequency of behavior-Appropriate responses reinforced-Undesired behavior extinguished or punished-Example: child with disruptive behavior at school-Concern: talking out of turn, getting out of seat-Target behaviors:-Raise hand before speaking-Sit on chair with feet on the floor-Contingencies-Rewards-stickers, extra computer time-Ignore blurting outOperant Conditioning in Therapy-Biofeedback-requires special equipment that provides information about somatic (body) processes-Several muscle relaxation sessions with immediate feedback provided by machine-Reinforced for lowering muscle tension by changes observed on the machine-Commonly used to treat tension headaches-effective-quick and efficientApplication: Self-efficacy in Psychotherapy-Why do some people succeed where others do not?-Bandura- self-efficacy (we convince ourselves we can do it)-People are unlikely to alter their behavior until they make a decision to expand the necessary effortSelf-Efficacy-Two types of expectations-Outcome expectation-Extent to which people believe actions will lead to a certain outcome-Efficacy expectation- Extent to which people believe they can perform the actions that will bring about the particular outcomeApplication: Self-Efficacy in Psychotherapy-Sources of efficacy expectations-Enactive mastery experiences -Successful attempts to achieve the outcome in the past-Vicarious experiences-Seeing other people perform the behavior without adverse effect-Verbal persuasion- “You can do it!”-Guided mastery-situation arranged by therapist that guarantees successful experience to client-Broken down into small steps-With each successful experience, client strengthens belief that he/she is capableWhat’s the difference between the two?-It’s all in the explanation-Systematic desensitization- replacing old s-r bonds with new ones-Mastery experiences- change efficacy expectations, leading to change in