Psych 205 1st Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I. The Neo-Freudian TheoryOutline of Current Lecture II. Anxiety and Coping strategiesIII. Psychoanalytic concepts and aggressionIV. Attachment style and adult relationshipsV. Frustration and aggressionCurrent LectureIn todays lecture we talked about Freud and his view of aggression and what ways it led to frustration. We also looked into how the psychoanalytic concepts tie into aggression and some of the findings from research about aggression and frustration. We were introduced to the attachment theory and all the different attachment styles that pertain to it.Freud and Aggression-Aggression was a topic that Freud was very interested in-Initially aggression led to a frustrated libido, which then led to displacement-The impact of WWI is that aggression led to Thanatos, which turned outwardPsychoanalytic concepts and aggression-Frustration-aggression hypothesis-Occurrence of aggressive behavior led to existence of frustration and frustration always led to some form of aggression-Aggression ends when people experience catharsis, which is a release of some type of tension-The frustration-aggression hypothesis is true-The modified frustration-aggression hypothesis is based on the psychoanalytic theoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Frustration leads to indirect expressions of aggression-Indirect aggression can be expressed by:-Displacing the aggression to a new target, attacking the source of frustration in an indirect manner, and using sublimationFindings from Frustration and Aggression Research-Frustrated people act more aggressively than non-frustrated people-Frustration is more intense the closer you are to your goal-Many researchers have concluded that that initial hypothesis was not enough-Frustration is one of many negative emotions that could increase aggression -We respond to the unpleasant situation, not the actual frustration itself-Example: loud noises (fire alarm), irritating smells (burnt popcorn), high temperatures (90 degree humid weather) raise aggressive tendenciesFrustration and Aggression-Advantages of new approach at frustration and aggression over the original hypothesis-Explains why frustration does not always lead to aggression and clarifies why certain thoughts increase or decrease the likelihood of acting aggressivelyDisplacing Aggression-Not always safe to act aggressively toward the true source of our aggression-Example: Bosses, club bouncers, police officers-People often displace aggression to an innocent target (not authority)-More likely to punish an innocent bystander after they have experienced aggression-Triggered displaced aggressionCatharsis and Aggression-Prediction from the frustration-aggression hypothesis-Feeling of needing to attack is reduced after a cathartic release of tension-Research indicates that aggression does not actually lead to catharsis-It might make the aggression worse-Findings contradict original frustration-aggression hypothesis-Possible reasons for aggression-breeds aggression theory-Acting aggressively leads to disinhibition -“Once we violate the “don’t act out” rule, it is more difficult to stop ourselves-May bring back memories/emotions related to aggressionAttachment and Adult Relationships-Neo-Freudians-relationships with our parents will predict future relationships with significant others-Object relations theory-Children develop an unconscious representation of significant objects in their environment, the way the child internalizes parents image provides he basis for how they will think of others, and influences their ability to develop meaningful attachments with significant others as adultsAttachment Theory-Object relations theory led to attachment theory-Describes the “attachment: relationships between infants and their caregivers-Humans need to form attachments with supportive and protective others-History of attachment research-It started with Harry Harlow and raising monkeys in isolation-Later John Bowlby applied it to human relationships-Mary Ainsworth developed a research protocol “Strange Situation”-Strange situation: put a child in a room with toys to explore while a parent is in their and then a stranger comes in and the parent sneaks out and then you see how the child reacts to itAttachment Styles-Secure: Mothers are attentive and responsive to their child and the child is happy and self-confident-Anxious-ambivalent: mothers are not particularly attentive or responsive and the children are anxious, afraid, and not easily calmed-Avoidant: mothers are not very responsive to the child and the child becomes distant and emotionally detached from the mother-Bowlby said they styles lead to unconscious “working models” for relationshipsHow does this impact us as adults?-The “Love quiz” in a newspaper in the 80s, described in three styles and found rates of three styles similar to those found among developmental psychologists working with infants-Results: 60% secure, 25% avoidant, 10% anxious, 5% unclassified Research on Adult Attachment Styles-Secure adults-Describe position relationships with parents and a warm and trusting family,More satisfied with their relationships than people in the other categories, More likely to get married and stay married, Characterize their romantic relationship with (love, strong commitment, and trust) Accept and support their partner,Have warmer and more intimate conversations-More likely to share personal information-The other partner also benefits from having a secure partner-Anxious-ambivalent adults-Recall little parental support as children-More likely to fall in love, less likely to break up with someone-Afraid of losing a partner and stressed when separated-Avoidant people-Describe relationships with family members as distrustful and emotionally distant-More likely to recall parents’ marriage as unhappy-Fear of intimacy, problems with jealousy-Less likely to show affection and more vulnerable to cheating-Stressed when separated from partnersAttachment Style and Romantic Relationships-Most likely to show up in times of stress-Secure adults- fewer physiological indicators of stress-Insecure adults- more conflict and become more upsetCan we change our style?-Relatively stable over time-Research indicates people change their attachment style when they enter a secure,