Psych 205 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. The six different approaches to personalityOutline of Current Lecture II. Introduction to Psychoanalytic TheoryA. Definition of Psychoanalytic TheoryIII. Personality and CultureIV. Study of PersonalityV. Legacy of Sigmund FreudCurrent LectureIn todays lecture we were introduced to many new terms. These terms include, psychoanalytic theory, the similarity of personality and culture, Sigmund Freud and his look on personality, the terms: id, ego, superego and defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages of development.Personality and Culture-The main context that influences an individual’s personality is culture-The main cross cultural distinction is between individualistic and collectivist cultures-Individualistic cultures: emphasis on an individuals needs and accomplishments-Individuals perceive themselves as independent and unique-Northern European countries and the United States-Collectivist cultures: -Family, tribe or nation-Asian, African, Central American and South American countriesStudy of Personality: TheoryGenetic vs. Environmental: the different areas of importance depending on the theoryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Biological and trait theories argue that psychologists don’t recognize the importance of inherited predispositions-Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize the needs and unconscious behavior patterns-Humanistic, behavioral/social learning and cognitive theorists rarely make importance of inherited influences on personalityConscious vs. Unconscious determinants of behavior-Psychoanalysis’s think that people do a lot of things without awareness-Behavior perspectives say that people assume that people understand the reasons for their actions but in reality they really do not-Trait and cognitive theorists say that people can identify and report their level of anxiety-Humanistic theorists argue that people do not understand why they act the way they doFree will vs. Determinism-Behaviorists argue that behavior is not chosen freely but that it is because of the environment and past experiences-Psychoanalytic theorists emphasize needs and unconscious mechanisms-Humanistic theorists say that personal choice and responsibility is the basis of mental healthTrait theorists and biological theorists emphasize genetic predispositionsCognitive psychotherapists encourage clients to see the cause of the problems and help develop strategies to get through future difficultiesStudy of Personality: ApplicationPsychotherapy is the most obvious type of applicationPsychoanalytic attend to the unconscious causes of the problem of the behaviorHumanistic: provide a good environment for their clients to express their feelingsBehaviorists try to make the environment friendlier to engage desired thoughtsCognitive theorists try to change the way their clients process informationResearchers use self-rapport inventories to measure personalityDifferent types of assessment are driven by theory-Psychoanalytic psychologists focus on learning about unconscious thoughts-Behavioral psychologists observe behavior to see if there are consistent behaviorpatternsPsychoanalytic Theory& Sigmund Freud-Had the most importance on the unconscious-Introduced dream interpretation-Every theory started with Freud’s interpretationWhen Freud discovers the unconscious-Freud and Bauer published a book called Studies in Hysteria-Hysteria: variety of physical symptoms-Case of Anna O.-They found a paralysis of the left arm, hallucinations and the speaking of different languages and they used hypnosis to reveal past traumatic events and then the symptoms went away-After Freud’s book was published he came up with methods of hypnosis to cure patientsand he also formed the Vienna Psychoanalytic societyTopographic Model-Conscious: thoughts a person is currently aware of-Preconscious: retrievable information-Unconscious: thoughts that cannot be easily brought into awarenessStructural Model-Id: personality structure at birth (unconscious)-Actions based on pleasure principles-Ego: satisfies impulses but accepts reality-Actions based on reality principles-Superego: represents societies values and standards-Emerges around age 5Example of Id, Ego, Superego-Picture a pyramid that is cut into two parts inside but has 3 labels from the top to the bottom. The top part would represent the conscious level, the middle would be preconscious and the bottom would be unconscious. The ego and superego split the top half of the pyramid and the superego lies on the bottom of the unconscious level.Libido and Thanatos-Triebe: strong internal forces that motivates human behavior (drives or instincts)-Categories of instincts:-Libido: life or sexual instinct-Any action that involves pleasure-Most human behavior is connected with life instinct-Thanatos: Death or aggressive instinct-Wish to die remains unconscious-Death instinct often turned to aggressionDefense Mechanisms-Techniques of ego to deal with unwanted thoughts or desire to reduce anxiety and keeping conscious awareness-Repression: ego wants to get rid of threatening material in consciousness-Sublimation: Going through threatening unconscious impulses and turning theminto socially acceptable actions-Displacement: taking impulses and turning them into nonthreatening objects-Displaced impulses do not lead to social rewards-Denial: refuse to accept that certain facts exists-Extreme form of defense and makes a person less realistic-Reaction Formation: acting the opposite of threatening unconscious desires-Intellectualization: removal of emotional content from thought-Helps bring difficult thoughts into consciousness without anxiety-Projection: Giving forth unconscious impulses to others-Frees a person from thinking they hold a thoughtPsychosexual Stages of Development-A sequence of stages made up by primary erogenous zones and sexual desires-Adult personalities are greatly influenced by events of early childhood-Fixation: stagnation of physic energy-When a child is unable to move through a particular stage-Oral stage:-First 18 months of life-Primary erogenous zones (mouth, lips and tongue)-Feeding problems can result from fixation and oral personality-Anal stage: -Primary Erogenous zone: anal region-Children are toilet trained-Traumatic toilet training can result in fixation and anal personality-Phallic