Syntactic PlanningThere are factors that influence our syntactic planningWord order is determined by interacting factors1. Concreteness of conceptsMore concrete concepts are produced earlier in a sentence2. What has been primedStructural Priming We re-use sentence structures in the same conversationSyntactic Presence We re-use words in the same conversationPriming of structure shows thatWe can separate structure from meaningThis happens apart from lexical priming (but we can have a lexical boost if the same words are usedResearch StudiesParticipants will use same order as the prime sentence to describe objects.Preposition-object structure PRIMEThe man sold a vacuum to the woman = The man handed a hat to the womanDouble-object Structure Prime the man sold the woman a vacuum =A man handed the woman a hatResearch StudiesSyntactic priming can exist for over intervening sentences!We reuse syntactic constructions that we overhearSyntactic structure prime can Influence our memory of sentences that we heard before!SUMMARYDATA shows thatThe words we chose and how we phrase them are influenced by the environment.there is a separation of sentence form from meaning.Syntactic Errors?There are frequent verb and number agreement errors in speechThe men does (do) the competition on Friday.Analysis of number agreements show that syntactic structure is generated before words are assigned their final position.Semantic/Lexical ProductionWe turn thoughts underlying words into a semantic representation and then into a phonological representation2-step process1ti Meaning based = lexical selection2ti Phonological based = phonological encodingExperimentsStudies support a two stage process!ExperimentsLexical priming. Participants shown a picture and presented with a word auditory.The words presented primed semantic neighbors early onLater they primed phonological neighborsResultsNeuroscienceWord concepts associated with Lel Middle Temporal GyrusAccessing a words phonological code associated with Wernicke’s areaPhonological encoding and prosody associated with Broca’s areaSpeed studiesLexical items retrieved between ti50 and 225 msPhonological representations retrieved between 250-330msLexical SelectionSpeech Error Data: Word Substitutions2 types of whole word substitutionsSemantic substitutionsShe is wiggling her fingers (toes)Form based substitutions (malapropisms)That comedy was so historical (hysterical)Why does this happen?In the lexicon words are arranged phoneticallyThe lexicon is accessed by a semantic networkSemantic errors arise when in the decision treePhonological errors arise in final phonological form selectionError PatternsFamiliarity bias: Produce familiar phoneme sequences over non-familiar onesLexical bias: Errors result in a real word rather than a non- word more often than chance. Barn doordarn boreHow Does This Happen?The levels must cascade!Overlap. Many words(lemmas) become partially activated cascades down to phonological level. non-target lemmas become phonologically activated also.Phonological EncodingSounds in words need to come out in the correct order, with correct prosody.Frame with slots, we retrieve linguistic content to fill slotsFrame is stored for each word we knowTypes of Phonological Errors:Anticipation: Take my bike bake my bikePerseveration: Pulled a tantrum Pulled a pantrumReversals: I was spoon feeding the babyI was foon speeding the baby* most sound errors are anticipation errors* In patients with aphasia or neurological conditions, perseveration errors most typical.Hesitationsunfilled pause (silence) Filled pause: um or uh etc.Highlight 2 types of difficulty)Microplanning (retrieving difficult words or phonological forms)Macroplanning (planning syntax and semantics)Pauses more likely before words that are less predictable inthe context of the precedingPauses also more likely alert unpredictable words as if speaker is checking appropriatenessWhy Do We See PausesThere are more pauses the more difficult the task. Some pauses are to plan content.Uh = signals short delayUm = signals longer delay in speaking (Clark et al, 2002tiJuncture pauses Some pauses are deliberate to help listener processTip of the TongueExtreme form of a pause: temporal difficulty in lexical accessFeeling of knowing the wordIncreases with ageMore frequent in bilingual speakersDeaf speakers also have “tip of finger”What it looks like:Partial info can be retrieved2 theoriesPartial activation. Inaccessible because the word is only weakly represented (best)Blocking: the word is actively suppressed by a stronger competitorMost likely to occur on low frequency words with few phonological neighbors. (words with few phonological neighbors are longer to produce (Vitevitch, 2002)CSD 3117 1st Edition Lecture 20Outline of Last Lecture I. Language Production: Speech Errorsa. What are Speech errorsII. Model of Speech Productiona. Garret’s Modeli. Evidenceii. Implicationsiii. LimitationsOutline of Current Lecture III. Language Production: Speech ErrorsIV. Syntactic Planninga. Research Studiesb. Syntactic ErrorsV. Semantic/Lexical Productiona. Experimentsb. Neurosciencec. Speed Studiesd. Lexical SelectionVI. Phonological Productiona. Phonological Encodingb. Hesitationsc. TheoriesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Syntactic Planning- There are factors that influence our syntactic planning- Word order is determined by interacting factors1. Concreteness of conceptso More concrete concepts are produced earlier in a sentence- 2. What has been primedo Structural Priming We re-use sentence structures in the same conversationo Syntactic Presence We re-use words in the same conversation- Priming of structure shows thato We can separate structure from meaningo This happens apart from lexical priming (but we can have a lexical boost if the same words are used ((( Research Studies- Participants will use same order as the prime sentence to describe objects.o Preposition-object structure PRIME The man sold a vacuum to the woman = The man handed a hat to the woman- Double-object Structure Prime the man sold the woman a vacuum =A man handed the woman a hat ((((( Research Studies- Syntactic priming can exist for over