Exam: Multiple choice with some T/F, matching.(50q)Everything we covered in lecture, lab, readingsHow to study? Focus on material with more weightFundamental properties of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary relationsrelationship between phonological form of a word and its meaning is largely arbitraryLanguage processing is incrementalspoken language unfolds over time (~150 -200 word /minute) making many words and phrases ambiguousLanguage use is flexible and creativespeakers rhetorically or poetically select particular details to represent for a specific listener on a particular occasionLanguage use is multi-modalmultiple, rich sources of info from visual world, gaze, gesture are integrated with language.Linguisticsthe study of language itselfphonology – the study of how sounds are used within a languagephonetics – the study of the raw soundssemantics – the study of meaningsyntax – the study of word ordermorphology - the study of words and word formationinflectional morphology – concerned with changes to a word that do not alter its underlying meaningdeviational morphology – concerned with changes to a word that alter its underlying meaningPsycholinguisticsthe study of the psychological processes involved in languagelisteningspeakingreadingwritingmemory for languageWhy study language?we use language all the timeit is part of what it means to be humanwe think in languageIt is completely intertwined with our thoughtssome people have difficulty learning language and some have difficulty using language after a disease or injurythese are the people that speech-language pathologists serveWhat is language?a system of symbols and rules that allow us to communicatedoes the communication system of monkeys constitute language?what about the dance of honey bees that communicates the location of nectar to other bees in the hive?Modularitya module is a self-contained set of processes: it converts an input to an output, without any outside help for what goes on in between.if language is modular, it is independentbut maybe language processing is interactive.discrete stage model – within language, sub stages. stages of lang processes happening in discrete stages. all in discrete stagescascade model – info coming in to my buckets at the same time. (simultaneously)if language is interactive, how does the info flow?top-down (perceive the whole, then the individual parts as needed)bottom- up (perceive the individual parts and organize them into a whole if needed)The study of language – themes and controversiesDo we need specific rules for language processingare the language processes specific to language, or are they aspects of general cognitive processing?when understanding a sentence, do we use a general working memory store, or do we have a dedicated stores that only store info related to language?is any part of language innate?Innatenesssome argue that a significant amount of our language abilities are innateothers argues, language is not innate but rather a general learning ability is requiredso how much is innate? is it nature or nurture?most likely a little of both!connectionists model suggests a role of innate, language specific knowledge as well as how behavior emerges through interaction with the environmentThe study of language –themes and controversieshow sensitive are the results of our experiment to the particular techniques employed?do we get different answers to our questions if the experiment is done in a slightly different way? do we trust our experimental methods?what can be learned by from looking at the language of people with damage to different parts of the brain?what difference does it make speaking a different language?the structure of the language can influence how it is processed. some people speak many languages. how does this impact language processing?how can the study of language be applied to everyday life?better strategies for learning to read; better interventions for ppl with disabilities; artificial intelligenceHistory of language studyscientific study of language linked to a conference at Cornell University in 1951- first appearance of the word psycholinguisticsin the mid to late 50s language acquisition and use was explained by reinforcement and conditioning (Skinner , 1957)Noam Chomsky gave a scathing review of Skinner’s book arguing that behaviorism was incapable of accounting for natural languageChomsky argues for a new linguistic theory called transformational grammar (Which dominated the study of language for decades)cognitive science approach a studying language offers concepts (connectionism, activation) that are significantly shaping our understanding of language use and processing.Methods for language studymodels- an account of the data that provides an explanation of why the data are as they are, and makes novel, testable predictionslesion studies- examination of the effects of brain damage on performance (broca – severe damage on production of language. lesion to the broca’s area)neuroimaging – techniques that allow us to measure some aspects of brain activity to relate to behavioral performanceEEG (electroencephalograms) and ERP (eventfMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)behavioral studies – experimental approach that asks individual to perform tasks (speaking, listening) and measuring some aspect of performance (speed, accuracy)Describing languageComponents of languagephonetics phonologymorphologyTypes of knowledgeknowledge of structurephonological rulesmorphological rulessyntactic rulessemantic rulesdiscourse rulespragmatic rulesknowledge of useconditions on speech actshow to communicate intentionconversational principlescontextual constraintsturn taking and topic management rulesComponent of langue : phonetics and phonologyphonetics: characterization of specch sounds and how they are articulatedphoneme: a minimal sound unit that serves to distinguish between meaning of wordsbin vs. pin ‘ bet vs. bit (minimal pair)note: in English, one phoneme is NOT always represented by one letter in spelling, e.g., booktypes of phonemescvphonology: the knowledge of individual sounds in a language and how soundssyllableComponents of lang: morphologyMorphology: the knowledge of internal structure of wordsmorpheme: smallest meaningful units in a languagecan be a word or smaller than a worde.g., walk, dog, thee.g., 3SG –s (3SG= third person singular present; as in he eats), -ed (as in walked), -ing (as in