ComprehensionLanguage is not just sounds and sentences ittis the communication of ideas!Comprehension = more than simple building blocks of a sentence.OutlineWhat Factors Impact Comprehension & Memory?How Do Inferences Shape Comprehension?Models Of ComprehensionWhat Differentiates A Good Comprehender From A Poor One?How We Can Improve ComprehensionWhat Factors Impact Comprehension & Memory?The Structure of a SentenceHow Much We Know AlreadyHow Important It IsOur Prior KnowledgeStructure of a SentenceWhere information is located in a sentenceThe tone of the document was threatening. Having failed to disprove the charges, Taylor was later fired by the president.The document had also blamed him from having failed to disprove the charges. Taylor was later fired by the president.Participants remember the sentence “having failed to disprove the charges” better in the first sentence than the second.How Important It IsWe remember things that are significant to us!I think you have made a fundamental error in this study.I think there are two fundamental errors in this studyHow do we remember important things better?Spend longer reading it if important?BUT we often spend equal time reading important and less important information (Britton, Muth, & Glynn,ti986ti= Our brains must identify the important things to process!Prior KnowledgeIs context important?Context beforeContext afterNo contextContext only useful to comprehension and memory if it is given before the story.= Context useful for more than retrieval - helps us comprehend text!The Role of InferencesInference: To go beyond the literal meaning of a text.Class experimentHe was a ruthless dictator.He was an intelligent man but had no sense of human kindness.He hated the Jews particularly and persecuted them.3 types of InferencesLogical (drawn from the meaning of words)E.g. “Ashley is a bachelor”Bridging (relate new information to previous)E.g. “the knight looked around the castle. The moat was dry.”Elaborative (pair new information with world knowledge)E.g. “Three turtles rested on a floating log and a fish swam beneath them” - would also mean “Three turtles rested on a floating log and a fish swam beneath it”.When do we use inferences?Two viewsConstructionist: We make inferences about Important information, not details.Minimalist: We constantly make bridging inferences, but only minimum elaborative inferencesBridging inferences automatically made, elaborative inferences not.Evidence: reading speed - people slow down when they need to make an elaborative inferenceWhen do we make Inferences?Remember Gerald Martin?Week LaterWhen people were told that “Gerald Martin” was really “Adolf Hitler” they made intrusion errors that they did not make at that time of the study.Interpretation: Elaborative and reconstructive inferences are made immediately after AND when reflecting.Implications!Evidence about elaborative Inferences = Eye witness is unreliable!We are unable to differentiate inference from reality!How we word a question can prejudice answersDid you see a Broken Headlight?Did you see the Broken Headlight?PhrasingHow fast were the cars going when they hit each otherHow fast were the cars going when they smashed into each otherAnaphoric AmbiguityAnaphora = a substitute of a word or group of words that refers to the antecedent of a referent.E.g. The baby was happy. He laughedAmbiguous anaphora“The hero stuck a dagger in the corpse. It was made of silver, it oozed blood”.StrategiesParallel function (match anaphors to their antecedents in the same position.Meaning of words used (e.g. gender)CSD 3117 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last Lecture I. Structural Ambiguitya. Serial autonomous modelb. Parallel autonomous modelII. Parsinga. Interactive modelIII. Garden path modelIV. Constraint-based models of parsingV. Autonomy vs. interactionVI. Evidene for interacting in syntactic processinga. Taraban and McClellandb. Milnec. Altmann and Steedmand. Pickeringe. Verb biasf. Syntactic ambiguity is resolved by competitiong. Visual contextVII. The neuroscience of parsinga. Agrammatismb. Features of agrammatismOutline of Current Lecture VIII. What Factors Impact Comprehension & Memory?a. The Structure of a Sentenceb. How much we Know Alreadyc. How Important It isd. Our prior knowledgee. The role of InferencesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Comprehension- Language is not just sounds and sentences ittis the communication of ideas!- Comprehension = more than simple building blocks of a sentence. Outline- What Factors Impact Comprehension & Memory?- How Do Inferences Shape Comprehension?- Models Of Comprehension- What Differentiates A Good Comprehender From A Poor One?- How We Can Improve Comprehension What Factors Impact Comprehension & Memory?- The Structure of a Sentence - How Much We Know Already - How Important It Is- Our Prior KnowledgeStructure of a Sentenceo Where information is located in a sentence The tone of the document was threatening. Having failed to disprove the charges, Taylor was later fired by the president. The document had also blamed him from having failed to disprove the charges. Taylor was later fired by the president.o Participants remember the sentence “having failed to disprove the charges” better in the first sentence than the second. How Important It Is- We remember things that are significant to us! o I think you have made a fundamental error in this study. o I think there are two fundamental errors in this study- How do we remember important things better?o Spend longer reading it if important?- BUT we often spend equal time reading important and less important information (Britton, Muth, & Glynn,ti986tio = Our brains must identify the important things to process! Prior Knowledge- Is context important? o Context beforeo Context aftero No context- Context only useful to comprehension and memory if it is given before the story.o = Context useful for more than retrieval - helps us comprehend text! The Role of Inferences- Inference: To go beyond the literal meaning of a text.- Class experimento He was a ruthless dictator.o He was an intelligent man but had no sense of human kindness.o He hated the Jews particularly and persecuted them.- 3 types of Inferences- Logical (drawn