Fundamental properties of languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary relationsrelationship between phonological form of a word and its meaning is largely arbitraryLanguage processing is incrementalspoken language unfolds over time (~150 -200 word /minute) making many words and phrases ambiguousLanguage use is flexible and creativespeakers rhetorically or poetically select particular details to represent for a specific listener on a particular occasionLanguage use is multi-modalmultiple, rich sources of info from visual world, gaze, gesture are integrated with language.Memory and languageVideoIntact rate of learning for the acquisition and successful use of referential labels in hippocampal amnesia in a collaborative referencing paradigmHe rapidly learned wordsHow well he didsame rate of learningHow do I know that I know that you knowHippocampal amnesia disrupts the flexible and creative use of languageDefinite referenceThe windmill vs a windmillSignals to listener that speaker believes referent is uniquely identifiable in the joint representation of the local context or shared communicative historyAmnesia = 56%Comparison = 90%Amnesic patients had described the tangrams multiple times and were using concise labels, even after 24 trials the patients were still using indefinite reference (ie. A windmill)Declarative memory plays a role in flexibly tailoring utterances for specific communication partners to reflect joint knowledgeRole of declarative memory in language beyond word learning by linking a deficit in declarative memory to disruptions in referential processes (ie. Marking noun phrases as definite or indefinite)Creative use of languageCreativity requires rapid combination and recmoinbination of existing mental representations to create novel ideas and way s of thinkingLinguistic creativity as verbal playTelling funny stories or jokes, playing with sounds and meanings of words, making puns, overt teasing or other or self-deprecating humor, use of marked or playful voices of registers, singing or song-like intonation, and use of sound effectsCoded for:Functions—referencing, teasing, narrative, otherConsensus codingOnline ProcessingMinnie is playing the violin for Mickey as the sun is shining overhead. She/he is wearing a yellow (green) bracelet and it looks like the song is being played well*Different-Gender: Identifying referent (only) requires integrating pronoun & character gender*Same-Gender: Identifying referent requires maintaining discourse representationResults: UndergradsA. Healthy undergradsB. Healthy comparison participantsC. Amnesia ParticipantsD. BDC ParticipantsAmnesics were significantly impaired in their ability to use info about the relative salience of the two referents to disambiguate the pronounAnalysisMixed modelsMaximal ran effects3 3time regionsDV: empirical logit of T/C fixations; cal. trial by trial basisResults: Pronoun and late regionsSame gender: 1st mention preferenceDiff-gender: mention is ns.Non-declarative MemoryNon-declarative memory refers to changes in performance (Ie. Skills, speed, preferences) that directly result from experience. These changes are characterized as slow and incremental. This knowledge cannot be consciously expressed and is inflexible, or dependent upon on-line tuning and modification of a variety of cortical and subcortical processorsPriming—making a word more readily accessible by being exposed to itbasal gangliaStatistical LearningStatistical learning refers to the process by which learners are able to extract the underlying structure of patterns in their environment (saffron, 2010)Word boundaries and phontactic probabilities “prettybaby” is not divided in to “tyba”Grammatical rulesWord order: SVOEnglish past-tense constructions: walked, racedStatistical Learning and memoryStatistical learning hypothesized to rely on implicit memory mechanismsArtificial grammar learning and serial reaction time tasks are intact in amnesiafMRI studies implicate basal gangliabut…explanation is too simplisticword learning: relationship between phonological form of a word and its meaningNOT: Declarative memory = lexiconProcedural memory = grammarRather: Declarative memory = learning of form and meaningProcedural memory = acquiring knowledge of phonological formTake home pointsLanguage depends critically on memoryLanguage depends critically on all aspects of memoryRather than viewing this relationship through simple one to mappings of memory systems and an aspect of language (ie. Declarative memory = lexicon)Need to understand that each memory system is contributing to some dimension of a particular aspect of language (ie. Short term memory, declarative memory, and non-declarative memory all support acquiring and using words)Csd 3117 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. Typical Language developmenta. Research methodsb. ProsodiesII. Supporting early language learningIII. What is Lost as skills are gained?IV. Overlap between language and motor developmentOutline of Current Lecture V. Fundamental properties of memoryVI. Hippocampal amnesiaVII. Online Processinga. Analysisb. Non-declarative memoryVIII. SummaryCurrent Lecture: Language and Memory part 2 Fundamental properties of language- Language is a system of arbitrary relationso relationship between phonological form of a word and its meaning is largely arbitrary- Language processing is incrementalo spoken language unfolds over time (~150 -200 word /minute) making many words and phrases ambiguous- Language use is flexible and creativeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o speakers rhetorically or poetically select particular details to represent for a specific listener on a particular occasion- Language use is multi-modalo multiple, rich sources of info from visual world, gaze, gesture are integrated with language.  Memory and language- Video- Intact rate of learning for the acquisition and successful use of referential labels in hippocampal amnesia in a collaborative referencing paradigm- He rapidly learned words- How well he didsame rate of learning How do I know that I know that you know Hippocampal amnesia disrupts the flexible and creative use of language- Definite referenceo The windmill vs a windmillo Signals to listener that speaker believes referent is uniquely identifiable in thejoint representation of the local