The writing systemgraphemeletter or combination of letters that represents a phonememuch more variability in written languages => differences in processing between readers of different languagesTypes of written languagesalphabetic scriptEnglish, other European languagesthe basic unit represented by a grapheme is essentially a phonemeconsonantal scriptHebrew, Arabicnot all sounds are represented, as vowels are not written downsyllabic scriptCherokee, Japanese Kanawritten units represent syllableslogographic/ideographic scriptchinese, Japanese Kanjieach symbol represents a whole wordA preliminary model of readingregular wordsgraphemes have the standard pronunciatione.g.) beef, hintirregular / exception wordsirregular spelling-to-sound correspondencee.g.) island, aisle, ghost (called lexical hermits)pseudowords (pronounceable nonwords)nonwords that I can pronouncee.g) datch, smeakdual-route model of namingdirect accesslexical routefor irregular wordsGrapheme-to-phoneme conversion route (also called the indirect/non-lexical/sublexical route)used for reading nonwordsmost of the time the direct route is much faster, indirect route will only be apparent in exceptional circumstances (unfamiliar words)The processes of normal readingpseudohomophone effectpseudohomophones are pronounceable non-words that sound like words when pronouncede.g.) “brane” sounds like “brain” when spokenmore confusable with words than other non-words. because they look more similar to wordslexical effects on nonword processingnon-word pronunciation involves more than just grapheme-to-phoneme conversionReading wordsthe regularity of pronunciation of a word affects the ease with which we can name itpronunciation of a word’s neighbors can affect its namingNeuroscience of adult reading disordersacquired disorder vs. developmental disordersdysgraphias: disorders of writingDyslexia : disorders of readingcentral dyslexiainvolve central, high-level reading processesperipheral dyslexiaSurface dyslexiaimpairment in the ability to read irregular wordsmake over-regularization errors when trying to read irregular words aloudability to read regular words and non-words is intactPhonological dyslexiaimpairment in the ability to read pronounceable nonwords (pseudowords)ability to read matched words is preservedimpairment of the non lexical (GPC) processing routeDeep dyslexiadifficulty in reading nonwords and grammatical/function wordsmake visual and derivational errorsthe defining characteristic of deep dyslexia is the presence of semantic reading errors or semantic paralexiasCSD 3117 1st Edition Lecture 15Outline of Last Lecture I. Sentence ComprehensionII. Thematic Roles vs. Syntactic RolesIII. Difficultiesa. Memory constraintsb. Ambiguityc. IncrementalIV. HistoryV. Current Models of Processinga. Garden Path Modelb. Constraint Based ModelVI. Significant figuresa. Ferriera & Cliftonb. Van Gompel & Pickeringc. Trueswell & Tanenhausd. Osterhout & Nicole. Taraban & McClellandf. Milneg. Altmann &Steedmanh. Tanenhaus and colleaguesVII. Verb BiasOutline of Current Lecture VIII. The writing systema. Alphabetic scriptb. Consonantal scriptc. Syllabic scriptd. Logographic/ideographic scriptIX. Preliminary model of readinga. Regular wordsb. Irregular/exception wordsc. Pseudowordsd. Dual-route model of namingX. Pseudohomophone effectXI. DyslexiaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- The writing system o grapheme letter or combination of letters that represents a phonemeo much more variability in written languages => differences in processing between readers of different languages- Types of written languageso alphabetic script English, other European languages the basic unit represented by a grapheme is essentially a phonemeo consonantal script Hebrew, Arabic  not all sounds are represented, as vowels are not written downo syllabic script Cherokee, Japanese Kana written units represent syllableso logographic/ideographic script chinese, Japanese Kanji each symbol represents a whole word- A preliminary model of readingo regular words graphemes have the standard pronunciation e.g.) beef, hinto irregular / exception words irregular spelling-to-sound correspondence  e.g.) island, aisle, ghost (called lexical hermits) o pseudowords (pronounceable nonwords)  nonwords that I can pronounce  e.g) datch, smeak o dual-route model of naming direct access lexical route - for irregular words o Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion route (also called the indirect/non-lexical/sublexical route) used for reading nonwordso most of the time the direct route is much faster, indirect route will only be apparent in exceptional circumstances (unfamiliar words)- The processes of normal readingo pseudohomophone effect  pseudohomophones are pronounceable non-words that sound like words when pronounced - e.g.) “brane” sounds like “brain” when spoken more confusable with words than other non-words. because they look more similar to words- lexical effects on nonword processing- non-word pronunciation involves more than just grapheme-to-phonemeconversion- Reading words o the regularity of pronunciation of a word affects the ease with which we can name ito pronunciation of a word’s neighbors can affect its naming - Neuroscience of adult reading disorderso acquired disorder vs. developmental disorderso dysgraphias: disorders of writingo Dyslexia : disorders of reading central dyslexia- involve central, high-level reading processes peripheral dyslexia- Surface dyslexia o impairment in the ability to read irregular wordso make over-regularization errors when trying to read irregular words aloudo ability to read regular words and non-words is intact - Phonological dyslexiao impairment in the ability to read pronounceable nonwords (pseudowords)o ability to read matched words is preserved o impairment of the non lexical (GPC) processing route - Deep dyslexia o difficulty in reading nonwords and grammatical/function words o make visual and derivational errorso the defining characteristic of deep dyslexia is the presence of semantic reading errors or semantic