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UI CSD 3117 - Words, Semantics, and Networks p1
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What is a word?a single dis.nct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes aloneti to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed.Word form and word meaningTo what degree are form and meaning dissociable?Word recognitionFactors that influence word recognitionFrequencyYear vs heresyRain vs puddleAge of acquisitionCommon words typically learned earlierWord lengthLonger harder/slowerNeighborhood effectsMineti pine, line, mane, fine, dine, mite (N=29tiMuchti ouch (N=5tiThe more neighbors, the fast to recognizeWords vs. pseudowords vs. nonwords Saint vs. siant vs tnszvWord form and word meaningHeterographic homophonesKnight and night; weight and wait; pair and pearPolysemous wordsThe fisherman put his catch on the bank.The businessman put his money in the bank.I wouldn’t bank on it if I were you.The plane is going to bank suddenly to one side.Considerable work suggesting that when we encounter a word, simultaneously activate (all of its meaning(s), but that context is quickly used to select appropriate meaning.Word form and word meaningTo what degree are form and meaning dissociable?Related concepts, but not identical...WordmeaningSemantic memory: knowledge of vocabulary and general knowledge about the world.DECLARATIVE MEMORYDeclarative memory system supports rapid acquisition of knowledge that can be consciously expressed, flexibly retrieved and used in novel contexts.Word meaningSemantic memory: knowledge of vocabulary and general knowledge about the world.How do we represent the meaning of words?How do we organize our knowledge of the world?CategorizationAll words have an underlying concept, but not all concepts are labeled by a word.We have the word dogBut not a word for brown dogs(e.g., brog)!What guides our formation of categories?CategorizationHow we perceive the worldPerceptual features are linked because they from objects or share a functionBiological constraints (e.g., color) Cultural constrainsCognitive economyEconomy vs informativenessPeople, dogs, everything elseBrown dogs, tan dogs, beige dogs, dogs that growl and bite, dogs that growl but don’t biteCategorization as a set of relationshipsHow do we distinguish among categories?OverlappingGhost, invisibleHow do we manage hierarchical relationships?Animals, mammal, dog, German shepherdOther types of relationsAssociatesDog and leadSynonymsContainer for drinking: cup, glass, chalice, demitasse, goblet, stein, tumblerAntonymsHot, coldSemanticsDenotation core, essential meaningDogWidespread agreement about this meaningConnotation all secondary implications, emotional or evaluativeNice, scary, mantis best friend, menace to humanity, smelly, cuteConnotations differ from person to personSemantic NetworksCaptures the connection among various meaning associations of a word or conceptBut, the connections or links also have a semantic valueCollins and Quillian semantic network modelSemantic networksTest of the Collins and Quillian semantic network model: the sentence verification task(1) A robin is a robin. (2) A robin is a bird.(3) A robin is an animal. (4) A robin is a fish.Baseline; fastest reading Slower than (1ti Slower than (2ti Slower than (3)Semantic networksCollins and Quillian model works pretty well, but....Not all concepts fit into this type of hierarchical structureDemocracy, liberty, tyrannyNot a pure test of semantic distanceConjoint frequency: frequency of the co-occurrence of wordsBird and robin co-occur in a sentence more oien than bird and animal.Category sizeClass of animals larger than birdsCSD 3117 1st Edition Lecture 21Outline of Last Lecture I. Language Production: Speech ErrorsII. Syntactic Planninga. Research Studiesb. Syntactic ErrorsIII. Semantic/Lexical Productiona. Experimentsb. Neurosciencec. Speed Studiesd. Lexical SelectionIV. Phonological Productiona. Phonological Encodingb. Hesitationsc. TheoriesOutline of Current Lecture V. Word Form and Word meaninga. Heterographic homophonesb. Polysemous wordsc. Categorizationd. Semanticse. Semantic Networks What is a word?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- a single dis.nct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others (or sometimes aloneti to form a sentence and typically shown with a space on either side when written or printed. Word form and word meaning- To what degree are form and meaning dissociable? Word recognition- Factors that influence word recognition o Frequency Year vs heresy Rain vs puddle o Age of acquisition Common words typically learned earlier o Word length Longer harder/slower o Neighborhood effects Mineti pine, line, mane, fine, dine, mite (N=29ti  Muchti ouch (N=5ti The more neighbors, the fast to recognizeo Words vs. pseudowords vs. nonwords Saint vs. siant vs tnszv Word form and word meaning- Heterographic homophoneso Knight and night; weight and wait; pair and pear- Polysemous wordso The fisherman put his catch on the bank.o The businessman put his money in the bank.o I wouldn’t bank on it if I were you.o The plane is going to bank suddenly to one side.- Considerable work suggesting that when we encounter a word, simultaneously activate (all of its meaning(s), but that context is quickly used to select appropriate meaning. ; Word form and word meaning- To what degree are form and meaning dissociable? - Related concepts, but not identical... Wordmeaning- Semantic memory: knowledge of vocabulary and general knowledgeabout the world. ;DECLARATIVE MEMORY- Declarative memory system supports rapid acquisition of knowledgethat can be consciously expressed, flexibly retrieved and used in novel contexts. Word meaning- Semantic memory: knowledge of vocabulary and general knowledgeabout the world.- How do we represent the meaning of words?- How do we organize our knowledge of the world? Categorization- All words have an underlying concept, but not all concepts are labeled by a word.- We have the word dog- But not a word for brown dogs o (e.g., brog)!- What guides our formation of categories? Categorization- How we perceive the worldo Perceptual features are linked because they from objects or share a function Biological constraints (e.g., color) Cultural constrains- Cognitive economyo Economy vs informativeness


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UI CSD 3117 - Words, Semantics, and Networks p1

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