Current LectureDescribing language 1Components of languagephonetics phonologymorphologyTypes of knowledgeknowledge of structurephonological rulesmorphological rulessyntactic rulessemantic rulesdiscourse rulespragmatic rulesknowledge of useconditions on speech actshow to communicate intentionconversational principlescontextual constraintsturn taking and topic management rulesComponent of langue : phonetics and phonologyPhonetics: characterization of specch sounds and how they are articulatedPhoneme: a minimal sound unit that serves to distinguish between meaning of wordsbin vs. pin; bet vs. bit (minimal pair)note: in English, one phoneme is NOT always represented by one letter in spelling, e.g., bookTypes of phonemesConsonant (C): b, p, d, k, m, l, s, etc.Vowel (V): a, e, i, o, u, etc.Phonology: the knowledge of individual sounds in a language and how sounds can be combined together in words/sentences (l, n, b, a, e)Syllable: a unit of speech that consists of consonant(s) and vowel. Typically, vowel is obligatory but consonants can be optional.English: (C) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C) s-t-r-e-n-g-t-h-sExamples of phonological knowledge1 [PET]legal sequence of sounds in Englishmeaningful sequence2 [TEP]legal (permissive) sequence of sounds in Englishmeaningless sequence3 [PTE]not a legal sequence in English- violates phonological probability of languageComponents of language: MorphologyMorphology: the knowledge of internal structure of wordsmorpheme: smallest meaningful units in a languagecan be a word or smaller than a worde.g., walk, dog, thee.g., 3SG –s (3SG= third person singular present; as in he eats), -ed (as in walked), -ing (as in drinking)types of morphemesfree morphemes : walk happybound morphemes: -s,-edComponents of language: Syntaxsyntax: the knowledge of internal structure of sentences; the knowledge of how words can be combined together to form grammatical sentencesa sentence must contain at least a noun and a verbe.g., They run. (N V) The dog eats the cake (N V N)word order in Englishsubject verb object (SVO) : a noun can be a subject or object, depending on its position in the sentencee.g., I want cookies. (S V O) They run (S V) the boy loves the girl (S V O) The girl loves the boy – order changed, meaning changed. => order important !Simple syntax examples1. the boy loves the girl2. the girl loves the boy3. *boy the the girl loves1&2 are grammatical and acceptable1&2 do not mean the same thing3 is ungrammatical and unacceptableThe linguistic theory of ChomskyGoal: describe set of rules, or grammar, that enables us to produce and understand languageposition: language is innate, species-specific, and biologically pre-programmed (it has special system, self contained)competence (idealized knowledge, type of sentences that I can understand and produce/ memory capacity, linguistics more concerned about competence) vs. performance (he made a distinction)transformational grammarsurface and deep structuregovernment and bindingtodayoptimality theorysentence processingcognitive linguisticslanguage is part of cognition more broadlyDo processes in language operate independently or interact?other components of language give us more evidence for how or if language processes (within language )Components of language: Semanticssemantics : the knowledge of meaning of words, sentences and discoursemeaning of words: dog vs. catmeaning of sentencese.g., the cat is holding the mousemeaning of discoursee.g., the gist of a story, like Harry potter and Snow WhiteWhat constitutes the meaning of a word?it’s physical referentan image of the referentProblem: meaning is NOT equal to reference (physical reference)venus = (referent)meaning 1 = planetmeaning 2- evening starmeaning 3= the alchemical name for coppermeaning 4- a beautiful womenYou (meaning)referent 1- mereferent 2= younull referentunicorn or present king of FranceWhat do you know when you know a word?semantic –meaning (dog- four legged mammal; pet)syntactic form (noun)morphological form (dog-s)phonological form (dogs /z/ vs cats /s/)How can we represent that knowledge so that we can account for the acquisition and the relation to other words (in isolation and in sentences)?Connectionist viewtop-down process : activate semantic info – lots of choices about the phonological forms / lexical forms-> put that into phonological formsmore interaction (not discrete process)Syntax semantics relationshipcolorless green ideas sleep furiously.permissive syntax (SVO) , syntax is fine. violates semantics.Furiously sleep ideas green colorlessviolates syntax and semantics.so, there is independence of form (syntax) and meaning(semantics) . a sentence can be grammatical but meaningless.CSD 3117 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture I. Properties of Languagea. Linguisticsb. PsycholinguisticsII. ModularityIII. The study of languagea. Themes and Controversiesb. Historyc. MethodsOutline of Current Lecture I. Components of languagea. Phonetics/phonologyb. Morphologyc. Semantics Current Lecture Describing language 1 Components of languageThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- phonetics phonology- morphology Types of knowledge- knowledge of structureo phonological ruleso morphological ruleso syntactic ruleso semantic ruleso discourse ruleso pragmatic rules- knowledge of useo conditions on speech acts how to communicate intentiono conversational principles contextual constraints turn taking and topic management rules Component of langue : phonetics and phonology- Phonetics: characterization of specch sounds and how they are articulatedo Phoneme: a minimal sound unit that serves to distinguish between meaning of words bin vs. pin; bet vs. bit (minimal pair) note: in English, one phoneme is NOT always represented by one letter in spelling, e.g., book o Types of phonemes Consonant (C): b, p, d, k, m, l, s, etc. Vowel (V): a, e, i, o, u, etc.- Phonology: the knowledge of individual sounds in a language and how sounds can be combined together in words/sentences (l, n, b, a, e)o Syllable: a unit of speech that consists of consonant(s) and vowel. Typically, vowel is obligatory but consonants can be optional. English: (C) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C) s-t-r-e-n-g-t-h-sExamples of phonological knowledge- 1 [PET]o legal sequence of sounds in Englisho meaningful sequence- 2 [TEP]o legal (permissive)