Area of the frontal lobeBrodmann area 44 and 45Critical for language productionDamage to this region causes expressive aphasia or Broca’s aphasiaCan have great difficulty forming complete sentences.May get out some basic words to get their message across, but leave out words like “is” or “the.”Non-fluent, telegraphic speechOften say something that doesn’t resemble a sentence.Broca’s aphasiaWernicke’s areaArea of the temporal lobeBrodmann area 22Critical for language comprehensionDamage to this region causes receptive aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasiaPoor auditory processingFluent, but not meaningfulNeologisms – make up wordsParaphasias – look for cookWernicke’s aphasiaMore recent advances: Speech and word perception/recognitionHow do we perceive and recognize speech and wordsLanguage unfolds over timeAnalysis by synthesis/motor theoryRecognize speech by drawing on knowledge of speech perceptionCohort modelAs speech unfolds, we access semantic knowledge and generate a cohort of possible targetsHickok & Poeppel’s Dorsal and Ventral StreamsSTG = superior temporal gyrusArea Spt = (Sylvian–parietal– temporal boundary)pITL = posterior inferior temporal lobe (including middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG))pIF = posterior inferior frontal (may include Broca’s area)dPM = dorsal premotor siteWhere in the brain is the semantic system?Meta analysis of 120 fMRI studies of semantic knowledge (Binder et al., 2009).Semantics and vmPFCFalse memory effectStudy a list of wordsColdBlizzardWinterAt test, common to see non-studied intrusions SnowSemantically related word, spreading activation, schemasvmPFC is an area of the brain thought to be important for schemas (congruent/incongruent)Semantics and vmPFCWhere in the brain is syntax?Where in the brain is syntax?Complex vs simple sentencesThe reporter who the senator attacked admitted the error (complex)The reporter who attacked the senator admitted the error (simple)Where in the brain is syntax?Sentences vs word listsWhere in the brain is syntax?Jabberwocky and syntactic proseThe mumphy folofel fonged the apole trecon (Jabberwocky)The infuriated water grabbed the justified dream (syntactic prose)Where is syntax in the brain?Is Broca’s area uniquely activated for syntax?NOEngagement of Broca’s area appears related to increases in task requirements and WM (for comprehension)Proximity to motor areas may contribute to production deficitsAre there other areas uniquely activated for syntactic processing?NOSyntax appears to engage a network of areas for successful processing.Csd 3117 1st edition Lecture 25Outline of Last Lecture I. Co-speech GestureII. Why do we gesture? Insights from productionIII. Gesture in language learning/more broadlyIV. Gesture and cognitionV. Cook & TanenhausVI. Gesture and the brainVII. MemoryVIII. Gesture productionOutline of Current Lecture IX. Why look into the brainX. Broca’s areaXI. Wernicke’s areaXII. Hickok & Poeppel’s Dorsal and Ventral StreamsXIII. Where in the brain is the semantic system?XIV. Semantics and vmPFCCurrent LectureWhy look into the brain?Are the language processes specific to language, or are they aspects of general cognitive processing?When understanding a sentence, do we use a general working memory store, or do we have a dedicated stores that only store information related to language?What can be learned by from looking at the language of people with damage to different parts of the brain?Broca’s areaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Area of the frontal lobeo Brodmann area 44 and 45- Critical for language production- Damage to this region causes expressive aphasia or Broca’s aphasiao Can have great difficulty forming complete sentences.o May get out some basic words to get their message across, but leave out words like “is” or “the.”  Non-fluent, telegraphic speecho Often say something that doesn’t resemble a sentence. Broca’s aphasia Wernicke’s area- Area of the temporal lobe o Brodmann area 22- Critical for language comprehension- Damage to this region causes receptive aphasia or Wernicke’s aphasiao Poor auditory processingo Fluent, but not meaningful Neologisms – make up words Paraphasias – look for cook Wernicke’s aphasia More recent advances: Speech and word perception/recognition- How do we perceive and recognize speech and words o Language unfolds over timeo Analysis by synthesis/motor theory Recognize speech by drawing on knowledge of speech perception o Cohort model As speech unfolds, we access semantic knowledge and generate a cohort of possible targets Hickok & Poeppel’s Dorsal and Ventral Streams - STG = superior temporal gyrus- Area Spt = (Sylvian–parietal– temporal boundary)- pITL = posterior inferior temporal lobe (including middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and inferior temporal gyrus (ITG))- pIF = posterior inferior frontal (may include Broca’s area)- dPM = dorsal premotor site Where in the brain is the semantic system?- Meta analysis of 120 fMRI studies of semantic knowledge (Binder et al., 2009). Semantics and vmPFC- False memory effect- Study a list of wordso Coldo Blizzard o Winter- At test, common to see non-studied intrusions Snow- Semantically related word, spreading activation, schemas- vmPFC is an area of the brain thought to be important for schemas (congruent/incongruent)  Semantics and vmPFC Where in the brain is syntax? Where in the brain is syntax?- Complex vs simple sentences- The reporter who the senator attacked admitted the error (complex)- The reporter who attacked the senator admitted the error (simple)-  Where in the brain is syntax?- Sentences vs word lists- Where in the brain is syntax?- Jabberwocky and syntactic prose- The mumphy folofel fonged the apole trecon (Jabberwocky)- The infuriated water grabbed the justified dream (syntactic prose)- Where is syntax in the brain?- Is Broca’s area uniquely activated for syntax?o NOo Engagement of Broca’s area appears related to increases in task requirements and WM (for comprehension)o Proximity to motor areas may contribute to production deficits- Are there other areas uniquely activated for syntactic processing?o NOo Syntax appears to engage a network of areas for successful