MIC 205 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide Lectures: 22-27**Microbial diseases of skin and wounds, Microbial diseases of the nervous system, Microbial diseases of the cardiovascular system, Microbial diseases of the respiratory system20 ?’s on cumulative final exam (broad overarching topics) –review previous topics and 3-4 chunks of information (chapters/learning modules)45 ?’s on unit 4 exam (ch: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23) not much on 22/23Normal Microbiota of the Skin-- normally harmless (GRAM POSITIVE) Bacteria- Gram positive coci aerobic (Staphylococcus and Micrococcus) Gram positive rods, anaerobes (Diphtheroids) Yeast: MalasseziaBacteria Diseases of Skin- EX:o Folliculitis: Pimple- infected pore in skin, red bump (sty- near eye) Treatment: methicillin- Caused by S. aureus typically (which also causes a ton of other illnesses) S. aureus has a lot of virulence factorso Staph- grape like bundleso Strep- chainso Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSS) Caused by S. aureus- Exfoliative toxins Signs/Symptoms:- Outer layers of skin peel off body in sheets (often in babies)- No scarring  Treatment: antimicrobial drugso Impetigo and erysipelas Caused by Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes- Impetigo(Pyoderma): small red patches on face and limbs, pus-filled vesicles (Children)- Erysipelas: goes internal, lymphatic system (elderly individuals) Transmitted person to person Treated: penicillino MRSA infections Methicillin-resistant S. aureus- Signs/Sypmtoms: may start as folliculi (pimple) develops into deep abscesso Penetrate tissue, bone, organs- Strain of S. aureus that are drug resistant - Found in hospitals (HA-MRSA)- Community associated (CA-MRSA)- Treatment:o Drain and debriding the dead stuff  Along with vancomycin - SUPER MRSA- vancomycin resistant o Necrotizing Fasciitis  Red inflamed area on skin, blistering turns black- INTENSE PAIN o From Streptococcus pyogenes - Treatment: removal of infected tissues, antimicrobial drugso Acne  Caused by P. acnes - Gram positive, rod, grow in sebaceous glands- Normal microbe Treatment:- Retinoic acid (prevent oil production)- Blue light exposure to destroy the bacteriao Pseudomonas Infection Caused by P. aeruginosa, shown by green pigment (pyocyanin)- Found in soil Virulence factors: adhesins, toxins, polysaccharide capsule  Found in: - BURN victims  Pyocyanin discoloration = massive infection Treatment:- Resistant to drugs o Cutaneous Anthrax Caused by Bacillus anthacis (spore forming)- From direct skin contact Symptoms: lesion that forms an eschar, black scab - Immediate response Treatment: ciprofloxacino Gas Gangrene Caused by Clostridium species (endospore forming) (Clostridium perfringens)- Enters dead (necrotic) tissue from trauma  Symptoms: crackling sounds, bubbles, foul smelling drainage  Surgical removal of tissuesClicker Question #1:Which of the following bacterial diseases of the skin is associated with gram positive cocci that grow in grape like clustersa) Erysipelasb) Scalded skin syndromec) Necrotizing fasciitisd) A and Be) A, B, C ANSWER: D) **staph caused disease C) is caused by Streptococcus Clicker Question #2:Which of the following bacteria can cause massive infections that are characterized by fever, chills, sepsis, foul smelling tissue necroses?a) Clostridium perfringensb) Pseudomonas aeruginosac) Streptococcus pyogenesd) Bacillus anthracise) Staphylococcus aureusAnswer: A) Gas gangrene is caused by a) Clostridium perfringensViral Diseases of the Skin:- Not localized, but signs and symptoms are expressed on the skino Measles (Rubeola) Single stranded RNA virus - Caused by Morbillivirus o Viral proteins cause infected host to fuse to neighboring cells- By inhalation of viral particles- Signs/ symptoms: progressive fever, malaiseo Koplik’s spots in moutho Red, raised body lesions- Prevention: MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella)o Rubella- don’t have Koplik spotso Rubeola (red measles)- have Koplik spotso Smallpox Caused by Orthopoxvirus (variola virus)- By inhalation  Signs/symp: severe rash that becomes papules, vesicles, and then pustules  Prevented by a vaccine that was discontinued in US in 1972 1st human disease that is eradicated Progresses in stages Biological Warfare Agent - Smallpox vs. Chickenpoxo Small Pox 2-3 days severe illness before rash Mouth and face first Develop at once and look the same all over Change slowly and scab over 9-15 days Rash on hands, feet, face Firm, dome-shaped and DEEP in skino Chickenpox 0-2 day mild onset of illness before rash Face and trunk first Develop in crops Come and are gone over 24 hrs Typically stay on the trunk (torso) Superficial pustules like water droplets (NOT DEEP)- Chickenpox and Shingleso Varicellovirus caused (dsDNA virus)o Respiratory tract entryo Rasho 2-3 week incubationo Prevention through vaccine Virus can go LATENT-> can be reactivated and cause Shingles as an adult - Immunodeficiency Diseaseso Some infections associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) manifest on the skin Shingles, herpes, Kaposi’s sarcoma- Herpes Infectionso Signs/Symptoms: Slowly spreading skin lesions (cold sores, canker sores)- Reoccurring lesions due to activation of latent viruso Diagnosis/Treatment: Immunoassay reveals presence of viral antigens- HHV-1 (cold sores)- HHV-2 (genital herpes)- Warts (viral infection)o Human papillomaviruses (HPV)o Localized infectiono New warts develop due to latent viruses Latent HPV van lead to cervical cancer in women - Gardasil vaccine (Merck) immunity to 70% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts- Parasitic Infestations of the Skino Leishmaniasis (Protozoan caused) 3 clinical forms 1. cutaneous- large painless lesions on skin2. mucocutaneous- skin lesions enlarge to include the mucous membranes (mouth, nose, throat)3. visceral- spreads through macrophages (liver, spleen, bone marrow) Caused by  Endemic to regions of the tropics, subtropics and middle east o Scabies  Tiny insects lead to intense itching- Burrow into skin and eat the tissueo Cause rash Mite called Sarcoptes scabiei  Transmission by prolonged bodily contact (sex)- Clothes, towels, etc.Clicker questions:One of these diseases in caused by a type of pathogen that is different from the type of pathogen that causes all the othersa) Varicellab) Leishmaniasis (protozoan caused)c) Measlesd)