MIC 205 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 7 Lecture 3 (Jan. 20 )Microscopy1) Electromagnetic Spectrum- shorter wavelength = greater resolving power- Resolving power: ability to see small things2) Refraction & Magnification- can’t see anything unless the light bends around the object - Refraction: bending of light (radiation)- Refraction & magnification depend on the medium (air, water, oil) through which the radiation travels3) Resolution & Contrast- (Inversely Proportional) Increased resolution, decreased contrast- Staining is used to increase contrast- Contrast can be improved by using phased &/or polarized lightLimits of Resolution: -Light Microscope = 200nm to 10nm (hard to see viruses, but can see cells)-Electron Microscope = 10nm to 1mm (proteins, ribosomes, viruses)Types of Light Microscopes: Bright field (simple/compound), Dark field (for pale objects), Phase contrast (grey background, living things), Fluorescence (UV light), Confocal fluorescence (lasers illuminate sample, removes out of focus light-3D image), Electron (Transmission-cross sections, Scanning Probe-surface view)Lecture 4 (Jan. 22 )Staining: simple, differential, special- Gram stain: differential stain on bacteria1. Crystal violet (purple dye)2. Iodine (mordent)3. Alcohol (decolorize)4. Safranin (red dye)- Gram + turns purple, Gram – turns pinkCells-Prokaryotes- Doesn’t have: nucleus, internal membrane bound stuctures- Typically bacteria or archaeaLecture 5 (Jan. 27)Nonmotile extensions-Prokaryotes- Fimbriae- sticky protein constructed fibers that stick out of the cell wall (adherence)- Pili- extracellular structures, long hollow tubes made of pilin, longer than fimbriae shorter than flagella- Glycocalyces: capsule and slime layer- Flagella: movement, tail (filament, hook, basal body)o monotrichous = 1 flagellao lophotrichous = multiple flagellao amphitrichous = 1 flagella on each endo peritrichous = flagella cover entire cell Function: run-straight line direction OR tumble-random motionCell walls-Prokaryotes- Structure, shape, protection (not impermeable-water and nutrients move through)- Animal cells don’t have a cell wallBacterial Cell Wall- Peptide linked chains of carbohydrates (NAG & NAM) make rigid wallsComparison chart- gram +/- cell wallsGram Positive- NO outer membrane- Retains purple dye in Gram stain- Thick amount of peptidoglycan- Polysaccharide surface interaction Gram Negative- Thin amount of peptidoglycan - Location is between outer membrane and cell membrane- Retains pink stain in Gram stain- Lipid surface interactionProkaryotic Cell Membrane: Lipid bilayer, allows what goes in and out- Used for transport, harvest light/ATP energyPassive Transport: No ATP, move from HIGH to LOW concentration- Simple diffusion- Osmosis- Facilitated diffusion (carrier/channel proteins)Active Transport: Use ATP, need carrier proteins to move against the concentration gradientCytoplasm-Prokaryotes: categorized by shape/arrangement- SHAPE:o Spherical-coccio Rodlike-bacilluso Bent rods-vibrioo Corkscrew-spirillumo Variable-pleomorphicProkaryotic Cell Division: divide asexually, determines shape/arrangement- Binary Fission- how most prokaryotes divide (replicate DNA, divide)- Snapping Division- creates attached forms (V-shaped or Palisade)- Budding- copy genetic material and push into a bud that pinches offLecture 6 (Jan. 29)Endospores-Prokaryotes: specialized dormancy structures that use a defense strategy and last thousands of years, produced in the organismEukaryotic CellsExternal Structure: ECM (holds cells together/adherence), flagella (locomotion inside cell), cilia (propel cells through environment)Cell walls: made of polysaccharides, rigid structure- Plant- cellulose- Funal- chitin- Algal – agar, carrageenanCell Membrane: cholesterol, steroid derived lipidsCytoplasm: non-nuclear intracellular components, cytosol (liquid), organellesOrganelles: Cytoskeleton- structural filaments for shape, anchor organelles (microtubules/filaments/intermediate filaments) Centrioles- mitosis, cytokinesis, form flagella/cilia (organizing center for new microtubules)Centrosome- region of cytoplasm where centrioles areNucleus- contains DNA, RNA synthesized in nucleoliRough ER- ribosomes on outside, transports proteins produced by the ribosomes to GolgiSmooth ER- lipid synthesisGolgi- receives, processes and packages proteins for transport to cell membraneMitochondria- produces ATP (energy powerhouse)Chloroplasts- store light energy Lysosomes- break down garbagePeroxisomes- contain enzymes for degrading wastes Vacuoles/vesicles- store and transfer nutrients in cellLecture 7 (Feb. 3)Metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions required for growth and reproductionMinimum requirements: energy source, carbon, nitrogen, water, ions (iron)Cells need energy for: - Locomotion- Reproduction- Storage- Energy Production- GrowthEnergy requirements- light (phototroph) or chemicals (chemotroph)Carbon requirements- make own food (autotroph) or feed on other organisms (heterotroph)Reaction Types:- anabolic reactions (building-simple to big molecules) - catabolic (breakdown big to simple molecules) ADP + Pi to ATPReduction and Oxidation Reactions:- molecules broken down, energy comes out as high energy electrons- ATP made by releasing energy in form of electrons from organic to inorganic compounds (electron donors)- Reactions always coupled- Redox = movement of electrons- Oxidation- loss of electrons - Reduction- gains electrons- OIL RIG (oxidation involves loss, reduction involves gain)Electron Carrier Molecules- Oxidized (low energy) - Reduced (high energy)- Primary electron carriers for temp storage of energy derived from redox reactions o NAD +o NADP +o FAD- Derived from B vitaminsREVIEW REDOX REACTIONS: - Make ATP- Break down to release energy- Move energy- move in shuttleEnzymes in Metabolism:- Catalysts to lower activation energy - Composed of protein mostlyo Bind at substrate in specific active site, tweaks substrate (transition site), create product, enzyme is recycled- Temp, pH, concentration of enzyme/substrate, inhibitorsInhibitors- alter or block an enzyme’s activity on its substrateo Feedback inhibition of amino acid synthesis (regulation of enzymes)Saturation point- can’t go any faster Carbohydrate Catabolism- Glycolysis- glucose breakdown of six-carbon sugar into 2 three-carbon pyruvates (substrate level ATP produced)o Requires the use of 2 ATP molecules “spend energy to make energy” - Pentose