MIC 205 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I. Endospores-Prokaryotes cont.II. Eukaryotic CellsIII. External StructureIV. Cell MembraneOutline of Current Lecture V. MetabolismVI. ReactionsVII. Aerobic RespirationCurrent Lecture Metabolism- sum of all chemical reactions required for growth and reproductionMinimum requirements: energy source, carbon, nitrogen, water, ions (iron)Cells need energy for: - Locomotion- Reproduction- Storage- Energy Production- GrowthEnergy requirements- light (phototroph) or chemicals (chemotroph)Carbon requirements- make own food (autotroph) or feed on other organisms (heterotroph)Energy Storage- harvest energy from organic substrates (lipids, carbs, proteins) stored in ATP- Phosphorylation: put energy into/take out of ATPo substrate level(one for one building, direct), oxidative(indirect, cutoff to final ATP), photophosphorylation(light energy building-photosynthesis)Reaction Types:- anabolic reactions (building-simple to big molecules) These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- catabolic (breakdown big to simple molecules) ADP + Pi to ATPReduction and Oxidation Reactions:- molecules broken down, energy comes out as high energy electrons- ATP made by releasing energy in form of electrons from organic to inorganic compounds (electron donors)- Reactions always coupled- Redox = movement of electrons- Oxidation- loss of electrons - Reduction- gains electrons- OIL RIG (oxidation involves loss, reduction involves gain)Electron Carrier Molecules- Oxidized (low energy) - Reduced (high energy)- Primary electron carriers for temp storage of energy derived from redox reactions o NAD +o NADP +o FAD- Derived from B vitaminsREVIEW REDOX REACTIONS: - Make ATP- Break down to release energy- Move energy- move in shuttleEnzymes in Metabolism:- Catalysts to lower activation energy - Composed of protein mostlyo Bind at substrate in specific active site, tweaks substrate (transition site), create product, enzyme is recycled- Temp, pH, concentration of enzyme/substrate, inhibitorsInhibitors- alter or block an enzyme’s activity on its substrateo Feedback inhibition of amino acid synthesis (regulation of enzymes)Saturation point- can’t go any fasterCarbohydrate Catabolism - Glycolysis- glucose breakdown of six-carbon sugar into 2 three-carbon pyruvates (substrate level ATP produced)o Requires the use of 2 ATP molecules “spend energy to make energy” - Pentose Phosphate Pathway- riboulose, ribose, etc- Entner-Doudoroff Pathway- glycolysis with a twist (uses different set of enzymes)Aerobic Respiration- Breakdown of organic energy sources into CO2 and water (oxygen requiring respiration-atthe end)- 3 stages1. Pyruvate oxidation2. Krebs cycle (citric acid)3. Electron transport
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