Hist 151 1st Edition Lecture 42Current LectureWrapping things Up: Historical Perspective What is the historical perspective?- History: a seamless web? Narratives of meaning?- Querying: who we are and how we got to be that way: change over time- Learning how to think: contextually and developmentally- Using evidence critically: reading primary sources - Skills: reading, thinking- When we started: Early Europe – what and where is it?o Geographyo Trade/ economic practiceso Religious beliefsBy 1650, Early Europeans:- Monotheistic/ confessionalized- Rationally and technologically oriented- Patriarchal and hierarchical - Increasingly individualistic- Capitalistic and expansionist - Stratist and monarchicalo Not yet democratic- searching for order- incentive, adaptive, and open to self-criticism 6 threads1. classical culture and its questioning, rationalis: idea of progress through education2. judeo-christian monotheism- its reformation and impact of reformation schisms3. formation of Europe: geography and idea4. economic development: from primitive agriculture to state capitalism5. experiments in political authority: city state vs. empire, to national monarchies and the state6. dynamic of tradition vs. innovation- European culture, a gradual accumulation of experiences and ideas- Pre-industrial structureo Hierarchy o Agricultural baseo Cities as centers of culture and civil lifeGreeks- Unity, order in nature and rational inquiry- What’s real: plato vs. Aristotle- Homocentric world- Participatory polis experience- Questioning dialogue - Other as uncouthRome- Cicero- The res publica: struggles, failure into empire- Universal applications; rome and law- Technology as empire- Stoic acceptanceBirth of Christianity- Paul- Judaic tradition of monotheism - Roman church oldest institution in European history- Paganism destroyed; Rome revitalized - How to reconcile w/ classical wisdom- Otherness and intoleranceMiddle Ages: Charlemagne- Res publica christiana- universal church and empire- Multicultural foundations of Europe - Feudalism and manorialism- Universities; knowledge as power- Gothic soaring spirituality; afterlife- Commercial revolution; towns and tradeRenaissance and reformation - Renaissance- humanists reintegrate ancient heritage o Educating the will; dignity of the self: dignity in humanity o Questioning and close observation of natureo Secular attitudes: ends and means Reformation: end of Christian unity- Religious wars secularize politics: toleration an unexpected fruitRicheliev- early Modern Europe - National monarchies – state as object of loyalty; raison d’etat- End of res publica christiana - European expansion and mercantilism- Otherness: subjugation vs. natural man - War, a legacy of ambition and destruction- Hopeful scientific
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