HIST 151 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide History 151: Test 1 Study GuideIdentification questions will be taken from the following list. On the test you will select 4 of 5 IDs. Be able to write a paragraph in complete sentences that answers the questions, Who? What? When (to a century)? Where? *Why? (why the item has larger historical significance). PolisWho?/ What?- 1st experiments in democracy- Originally an ancient Mycenaean citadel - According to Aristotleo Zoon politikon (political animal) Men are political animals, reliant on civilization Body inhabited by Greek Mind- Psychological polis:o Every polis has natural limits in order to maintain unity Small and walled in Exclusivity= the barbaroi - Not welcoming of non-greeks- Slaves excluded from membershipo Xenophon- male and female balance (BOTH NECCESARY) M- fighting, politics F- household, raising family, weavingWhen?/Where? Ancient GreeceWhy?- shows evolution of culture as cumulative- roots of democracy- influence on philosophyAcropolisWho?/What? - acropolis= high place- place of politics- contains ParthenonWhen? Ancient Greece c. 5th century BC (age of Pericles)Where?Why?- symbol of political life in Greece - most of buildings constructed during “age of Pericles” - includes Parthenon SolonWho?- Wise poet, elected as chief executiveWhat?- deemphasized role of gods in human affairs - Dike- principle that justice underlies human community (ideal of political thought)- Restrained nobles and improved lives of pooro Erased debtso Freed those enslaved for debto Allowed free men to sit in Assembly (council of 400)o Wealthy commoners can run for office- Economic policies for commercial centero Growing grapes for wineo Foreign craftsmen in exchange for citizenshipo Fathers teach sons how to grow cropsWhen? 558 BCWhere? Athens, Greece Why?- all classes work toward greater good- Transitioned Athens to city of democracy- Ultimately didn’t satisfy poor CleisthenesWho?- the Democrat—“Father of Athenian Democracy”What?- created new system that was planned to ensure historic allegiance to clan or tribe would be superseded by loyalty to city as a whole- wanted politics to be handled by male citizens- practiced ostracism (person exiled for 10 yrs)When? 508 BCWhere? Athens Why?- idea of loyalty to polis- men citizens in politics- laid groundwork for Athenian democracyPericlesWho?- statesman and military commanderWhat?- age of Pericles: achieved greatness in politics, drama, and architecture - demagoguery- helps create strategy for Peloponnesian War- turned Delian league into and empire- fostered Athenian democracy- promoted arts and literature- known for good oration skills: Funeral March Oration (brags about Greece)o as told by Thucydides When? Time between Persian and Peloponnesian wars; roughly 461-429 BCWhere? Athens, GreeceWhy?- age of Pericles: most prominent and influential statesmen during Greek Golden Age o flourishing and legacy of art and literature in Greece- his transitioning of Athens into an imperialistic empire could be said to have contributed to the ultimate fall of Athenian democracy at the end of Persian WarsSocratesWho?- sculptor philosopherWhat?- fought in Peloponnesian war- reason over passion in decision making- Daemon: inner spirit/voice of ethics, justice & truth- Philosopher should be king- Criticized sophists - “unexamined life not worth living”- myths not valid- perfection of human character- question everything—Socratic methodo dialectics- method of inquiry- trial- charged with:o impietyo corrupting the youthWhen? 470-399 BCWhere? Athens, GreeceWhy?- rejected democracy: it’s left to rule of mobs & ignorant people- Socratic method- Inspired philosophies of future- Denied role of gods in everyday life- Improve individual thought through education AlcibiadesWho?- Athenian generalWhat?- Ostracized- fought against Athens with Sparta- student of Socrates When? Peloponnesian War 5th Century BCWhere? AthensWhy? Shows the fall of democracy Socratic methodWho? - Created by Socrates What?- Dialectics- Form of question and answer When? 5th centuryWhere? Athens, GreeceWhy?- questioning things as a way of seeking truth- used in Socrates’s trial of deathAllegory (Parable) of the CaveWho? - Plato’s theory What?- idea that we’re all in a cave, prisoners facing forward. As we look at the cave wall, we see images projected that we perceive as true. Only poets, philosophers, etc. (mainly philosophers) can escape the cave; they will then be blinded by the sun (enlightenment and truth)- only those that have been enlightened can return to the cave and try to guide others toward thelight (ultimately, however, they have to do it for themselves)- in the cave itself, the prisoners don’t believe him and kill himo connection to trial of SocratesWhen? c. 515 BCWhere? In Athens; specifically—the RepublicWhy?- emphasize importance of philosophers in society (according to Plato)- historical reference to trail of Socrates- influence on Christianity o heaven (enlightenment) - does not include women- gender roles and relationsPresocraticsWho? Thales, Democritus, Paramenides, Pythagoras, AnaximanderWhat?- Matter philosophers- they held that everything comes from a material substance- Tried to understand order of nature- Use math to understand form- Knowledge derived from sense perceptionWhen? c. 5-6th century BCWhere? GreeceWhy?- Explored natural sciences and to see how world works in terms of nature (structure of things)- Set foundation for future philosophers (ie. Sophists and Socrates)SophistsWho? Philosophical relativists What?- principles of universe are beyond grasp of human mind- “man is the measure of all things” no truth is universally valid- challenged traditional religious and moral valueso encouraged disobedience to law; no respect for authorities When? c. 5th century BCWhere? Athens, GreeceWhy?- weakened community bonds- shift in focus to rational investigation of people and societyAristotleWho? Philosopher, student of SocratesWhat?- school in the Lyceum o followers = Peripatetics o they walked around & engaged with people- believed that form and matter are inherently together—no separation between ideal and realityo you can’t understand form without first understanding mattero theory of potentiality- idea of Grand Design everything has potential but there are natural limits (connection to polis)- ex. Acorn can grow into oak tree, but can’t become gold-