Hist 151 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Final History 151 Study GuideOn the exam you will be asked to identify (who? What? When? Where? Why significant?) 4 of 5 terms from the list below:Black DeathWho?- Plague that spread throughout Europe What?- Came from Crimea merchant ships - Caused by fleas that were carried by ratsWhen? 1348Where?- Most of Europe, esp. central EuropeWhy?- Social responses of survivorso Flagellants- whipping and suffering to create purityo Rich people move to countrysideo Scapegoating- persecution of Jews- Artistic representations- Connection to religion- idea of being punishedo Only the pure can be saved from the plagueBabylonian CaptivityWhat?- Philip IV as king of france becoming in charge of papacy- Papacy moves from rome to france under control of Philip IV after Pope boniface’s bull claiming ultimate authority- Fighting between church and state- Pope Boniface VIII dies in Rome. Clement V succeeds him, refuses to move to Rome.- Papacy moving from Rome to Avignon, Franceo Now the puppet of the French kingo Clement V was the first French popeo 7 French Popes rule in Avignon- Gregory XI moved Church back to Romeo successor alienated French Cardinalso French Cardinals elect their own Pope in Avignono The following Popes in Avignon regarded as illigitimate- Schism post captivity (1378-1417)o 2 or 3 claims to be pope → all excommunicate each other lol- Effects: Church loses lots of power after being puppet to the French in Avignon and the English inRome. France and England emerge as leading powers in Europe.When? 1307-77Where? France and RomeWhy?- leads to emergence of France and England as leading powers in early modern europe, establishing theirauthority above the churchFrancesco Petrarchwho?- Italian Renaissance Humanist; “First modern man”What?- Invents the middle ages as → “Darkness and ignorance”- Self-awareness, doubt- Re-Discovery of Cicero’s letters → Petrarch was big into Cicero and classical cultureo Revival and restoration of classical ideas- Popularizer; helped to popularize cicero’s ideas and other classical ideasWhen? 1304-1374Where? ItalyWhy?- Helped to create Renaissance as rebirthMedici family who?- dominant ruling family in ItalyWhat?- dominant ruling family in Italy- mention Machiavelli- involved inconspiracy to kill on of the medicis <--machiavelli- format of Italian city states and body dynamics- Controlled Florence, Italy- Big banking family- Cosimo de’Medici (d.1464)o Banker to popeso Control of election bags- Lorenzo the Magnificent (d.1492)o Golden Ageo Pazzi Conspiracy 1478- New type of Political power: secularized rationale (separation of church and state)- Machiavelli wrote The Prince dedicated to Lorenzo Medici-When? 15th centuryWhere? Italy Why?- Emergence of secularized states- Leadership styles noted in The PrinceLorenzo Vallawho?- Italian What?● Proved the False Donation of Constantine● Studied philology (history of language)● Created New Testament annotationsWhen? 1407-1457Where? Italy Why?- contributed to challenging authority of Church in renaissance Sellaio AltarpieceWhat?- altar piece with mary and jesus- st. lucy, st. Sebastian, john the Baptist, st. Catherineo martyrs shown with the instruments of their martyrdom- genre: sacred conversation- humanism shown in arto focus on human body- evolution of art (show of 1 pt. perspective)o very inclusive (subjects looking at you)—draws the viewer ino naturalism o realistic detail as opposed to being purely decorative like 12th c. crossWhen? 15th centuryWhere? Italian rennaisanceWhy?- shows humanism Cesare Borgiawho?- ItalianWhat?- mentioned in Machiavelli’s The Prince- pope’s bastard son (father-Alexander VI)- praised as strong leader, conquered part of central Italy, ruthless leader- weakeness: role of fortune in his defeat (relied on his father’s papacy until he died)- able to navigate b/t kindness and crueltyWhen? 1475-1507 (15-16th c)Where? ItalyWhy?- Mentioned in Machiavelli’s The Prince as an admirable conqueror (ruthless), but is considered weak based on the fortune relying on his father.MillenarianismWho/ What?- apocalyptic cults - appear around black death - world will end at end of 1000 years - the belief by a religious, social, or political group or movement in a coming major transformationof society, after which all things will be changedWhen? 14th-15th cWhere? Europe, mainly centralWhy?- part of social responses to black deathIndulgences ControversyWhat?- idea of purgatory (place where you purify yourself before you go to heaven)- buying your way into heaveno helps you get out of purgatory quicker- sparked turning point before reformation- trivializes Christianity by exclusivity- Indulgence: Way for you or a loved one to getting out of purgatory faster- a scam- assure the buyer of complete forgiveness of sins, participation in the grace of God, and freedom from purgatory- people sold them all over the placeWhen? 1517 Where? GermanyWhy?- Involves Church into too many worldly affairs (money, and corruption)- Led to Luther’s 95 theses, and reformation 95 Theseswho?- Written my martin Luther What?- Posted to the door of All Saints’ Church in Wittenberg- Protesting the Catholic Church and sale of indulgencesWhen? 1517Where? Germany Why?- Sparked the beginning of ReformationDiet at WormsWhat?- martin luther coming to trial in an ecclesiastical setting o after publishing 95 theses- taken to defend himself against charge of heresy- Newly elected Charles V- Backing of German princes (like Frederick) helps him- Hides in Wartburg Castle; translates Bible into GermanWhen? 1521 Where? GermanyWhy?- opposition by church during reformationLuther as the Devil’s bagpipe who?- Portrays Luther as an instrument for the devil What?- created by church as propaganda- spread with printing pressWhen? c. 16th c. Where? GermanyWhy?- shows religious politics during reformationSola scripturaWho?- created by Martin Luther What?- ideal that bible is only source of authority in Christianity - Part of Luther’s Reformation Theology 1520- Justification by faith: Romans 1:17 “the Just shall live by faith”o Good tree= good fruit, Bad tree= bad fruit- Martin Luther’s idea throughout Christian Liberty When? 1520 Where? GermanyWhy?- part of reformation; helped to dismantle unchallenged authority of church and to make Christianity more accessible again John CalvinWho? French lawyer who experienced “sudden conversion”What?- created Calvinism