Hist 151 1st edition Lecture 41Current Lecture Bohemia & the Imperial Election- Ferdinand Hapsburg (Catholic)o Archduke of Austria and king elect of Bohemiao Reneges on King Rudolf’s religious toleration- Defenestration of Prague 1618o Protestants out Ferdinand’s agents; revolto Cf. start of WWI- Bohemia the tinderbox w/ swing vote 1619o Frederick, Elector of the Palatinate Supports rebels v. FerdinandOutbreak of Wider War- Ferdinand regains Bohemia (1620) & repeals part of Augsburgo Harsh repressions- Protestant rulers intervene- Christian of Denmark 1625o Dynasti ambitions for sono Defeated- Albrect von Wallenstein (1583-1634)o Last “renaissance” condottiere w/ private army of 50,000 mercenariesMore New Combatants- Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden enters 1630-d.1632o Richeliev’s $$ supporto 1631 Breitenfeld victory over Ferdinand - Wallenstein’s perfidy; murdered 1634- France enters 1635o Richeliev in for the killo Prolongs the war to weaken Hapsburgso Negotiations only in 1641-48Social Impact of “Total” War- Booty, plunder, & rape over German landso 1/3 population dies; 70% peasants homeso eg. Hapsburg troops sack & burn Magdeburg 1630o Swedes take Wurzburg- Peter Hagendorf’s diaryThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.War and Propaganda - Jaques Callot’s Miseries of War (1633)Peace of Westphalia 1648 (Political settlement)- Map of Euope redrawn- Last agressors, France & Sweden winners- Hapsburgs & Spain losers- Shift in power- Louis XIV the model“Concert of Europe” 1648- All major combatants at peace table in international: a novel outcomeo Redistribution of power in Europe  France, not spain, the new leader Confirms disintegration of Germanyo “Concert of Europe” replaces old ‘res publica Christiana’ sovereign states working together  state politics vs. supernatural & Christendomo the state vs. Supra-national goals basic political unit and new objectEarly Modern Europe - 14th-17th c.—what had changed?o From Petrarch—in the 14th c. who rediscovers classical texts o To Galileo’s 17th c. more ordered, secular world based on reason and observation- Early modern courtly society based on mannerso A late renaissance legacy How not to be disgusting o Rituals of absolutism: Louis XIV Hierarchy laid out and followedPost Reformation, religious disputes dim- Legacy of peace of Westphalia- Continued doctrinal disputeso More ordered manner- Splintered confessions regularizedo Religious and social discipline o Book of concord (Luthran) 1580o Heidelberg Catechism (Calvinist) 1563Towards a more orderly society- Education expanded o Protestant literacyo Educated clergy; Jesuits- Patriarchal authority; social disciplineo Regulate drinking, sexo Social welfare: hospitals, poor houses, sanitationo Its limits- dancing in Geneva persist Less tolerance of difference- Witchcraft and its persecutiono Heresy and sorcery o Pact with the devil to do evilo Widespread popular belief in supernatural- Malleus maleficarum (hammer of witches)o 1486o outlined crimes and punishmentsMisogynistic - women as scapegoats o 50-70k by end of 1600so torture and confessions - HRE, france the worsto Then bohemia, Poland, Switzerlando Few cases in catholic spain or Italy- Decline w/ more science- “to conclude, all witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which in women is insatiable”Scientific revolution- a renaissance legacy- close observation of nature - decline in old greek beliefso 4 elements: earth, wind, air, fireo dryness, cold, heat, moistnesso humors: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, sanguineo planetary influence on health, crops, plagues, etc.- new frontierso alchemy and astrology experimentation lead gold to chemistry and astronomyo Copernicus (1473-1543) On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres (1530, but publication delayed) Luther: “that fool will upset the whole science of astronomy”- Ideas not well receivedValue of Observation- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)o Elliptical orbits, but earth centeredo Mother accused of witchcraft o Worked briefly with Albrect von Wallenstein- Galileo Galileo (1546-1642)o The starry Messenger (1610): moon mts. and craterso Moons of Jupiter and sunspotso Cosimos II’s philosopher and mathematician o 1616 silencedo 1623 The Assayer: observation and math over ancient authoritieso 1633- condemned  ideas as: not in bible so it can’t be true- “absurd”- “heretical”- “false”Scientific Method- Vesalius (1514-1564)o Overturns Galenic medicine and doctrine of the 4 humorso Dissection point out Galen’s errors o William Harvey (1578-1657) for circulation of blood- Francis Bacon (1561- 1626)o Child prodigy to lord chancellor o Novum organtum (new method 1620)o Induction from observation and data Practical Applications - Navigation and warfare- Gov’t sanction- Royal society for the advancement of science (1662)- New optimism in scienceo From questioning beliefs, to how God’s creation workedA more ordered Europe - Renaissance legacy- Reformation and church reform- European expansionism and encounters with otherso Not in pliny’s natural history- Wealth from crown capitalism (mercantilism)- Concert of Europe- European enlightenment:o Ordered and rational approach to knowledge, humanity, gov’t, and society- **importance of doubt and