HIST 151 1st Edition Lecture 27Medieval Universities & Intellectual Culture“Dark Ages” (500-1000)- violent and unstable- rural society/ urban decline- need stability for artistic and intellectual developmentIslands of Culture- church- intellectual refuge/ stable force- retain fragments of classical/ Roman heritage- monasteries, preservers of learningo monastic schoolso scriptoria for manuscripts- Carolingian renaissanceo Alcuin/Einhard, some knowledge of classical past- Books as rare items- made of sheep skin (time consuming process)High Middle Ages- Revival- new stability in Europe o barbarian invasions decreased- growth of townso more trade & new wealtho intellectual exchangeo need for literacy- education clergy- monastic schools and royal courts- church dominated higher educationo cathedral schoolso precursors to universities o clericivagantes- goliardic verseo licentiadocendi- license needed to teach who is qualified to teach?o New careers in law, medicine, theologyo Universities University towns (12th century)o Paris- theologyo Bologna- lawo Salerno- medicineo Universitas= Guild (Latin) The North, Guilds of teachers (Magister) The south, student Guides o Pope Gregory IX’s crown jewel (1239)Scholasticism- using philosophy to address jobs and to buttress theology- use reason to understand the nature and existence on reconfirming faith through reason- it relies heavily on scripture, St. Augustine- “theology is queen: Philosophy is her handim”o Aristotle and Averroes (d. 1197) via Spaino St. Anslem of Christianity (1033-1109) Dialectic “Does God Exist?”- Ontologyo Peter Abelard Tess faith with logic to strengtho St. Thomas Aquin Summa Theologica Proofs of God o Gothic styleEarly Modern Europe - renaissance (Italy- 1300-1530)- Reformation (1527…)- New world explorations (1492)- Rise of National Monarchies - Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)When does modernity begin and middle Ages end?Where does modernity fit? (Voltaire’s 4 stages)Renaissance or renaissances?Italian Renaissance: Birth or Rebirth?- “renaissance” as a medal or badge?- Greater extent in Italy (1300-1530)- Urban phenomenon- Time of crisis & questioningo Economic, political, religious and intellectual- Questioning of authorities - New “modern” responses- Crisis & Cultureo Italian renaissance as cultural revolutiono New historical consciousness Antiquity and Dark Ageso New appreciation of (pre-Christian) antique Antiquityo New focus on human potential and achievemento Divinity in humanity; Europe not
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